Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/290)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Its evidence is what was narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās, may Allah be pleased with him: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, performed qunūt—a supplication—in succession for a month, invoking against clans of Sulaym: Riʿl, Dhakwān, and ʿUṣayyah. (1) It was also said that it means those who pray, based on His saying: “Is one who devoutly worships throughout the hours of the night…” (al-Zumar 39:9), that is, one who prays.

Allah Most High says: “If you are in fear, then pray on foot or riding.” “On foot” means walking; it is the plural of a person on foot, just as “companions” is the plural of “companion,” “those standing” of “one standing,” and “those asleep” of “one asleep.” “Or riding” means upon their mounts; it is the plural of “rider.” Its meaning is: if, due to fear, you cannot pray devoutly obedient and give the prayer its full due, then pray while walking on your feet or riding upon your mounts. This applies in the state of fighting and sword combat: one prays in whatever direction he is facing, whether walking or riding, facing the qiblah or not facing it. He indicates the bowing and prostration by gestures, making the gesture for prostration lower than that for bowing. Likewise, if a predatory beast attacks him, or a flood overwhelms him and he fears for his life, it is permissible for him to flee ahead while praying by gestures.

Prayer in circumstances of fear has several forms. This is the prayer in extreme fear; an explanation of the remaining forms will come in Sūrat al-Nisāʾ, if Allah Most High wills. According to most scholars, fear does not reduce the number of prayer cycles. Mujāhid narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās, may Allah be pleased with him, that he said: Allah prescribed prayer through the tongue of your Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, as four cycles when resident, two cycles when travelling, and one cycle in fear. (2) This was also the view of ʿAṭāʾ, Ṭāwūs, al-Ḥasan, Mujāhid, and Qatādah: in a state of extreme fear, one prays one cycle. Saʿīd ibn Jubayr said: If you are in battle and the people are striking one another, then say, “Glory be to Allah; all praise belongs to Allah; there is no god but Allah; and Allah is greatest,” and remember Allah, for that is your prayer. “Then, when you are safe, remember Allah,” that is, perform the five prayers completely, observing all their due requirements, “as He taught you what you did not know.”

“And those among you who die and leave wives behind shall make a bequest for their wives: maintenance for one year, without their being turned out. But if they leave, then there is no blame upon you for what they do with themselves in a fitting manner. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.” (2:240)

Allah Most High says: “And those among you who die,” that is, O company of men, “and leave,” meaning, leave behind, “wives,” meaning, spouses, “a bequest for their wives.” The people of Basra, Ibn ʿĀmir, Ḥamzah, and Ḥafṣ recited “a bequest” in the accusative, on the understanding that:

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari, in The Witr Prayer, chapter: “Qunut before and after Bowing,” 2:490. Al-Bukhari also narrates from Anas: “The Messenger of Allah made qunut for a month, supplicating against Ri'l and Dhakwan.” It was also narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawud, in The Prayer, chapter: “Qunut in the Prayers.” Also narrated by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 3:122. (2) Narrated by Muslim, in The Prayer of Travelers, chapter: “The Prayer of Travelers and Its Shortening,” no. 687, 1:479.

دَلِيلُهُ مَا رُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ قَالَ: قَنَتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ شَهْرًا مُتَتَابِعًا يَدْعُو عَلَى أَحْيَاءٍ مِنْ سُلَيْمٍ عَلَى رِعْلٍ وَذَكْوَانَ وَعُصَيَّةَ، (١) وَقِيلَ مَعْنَاهُ مُصَلِّينَ لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى "أَمَّنْ هُوَ قَانِتٌ آنَاءَ اللَّيْلِ" (٩-الزُّمَرِ) أَيْ مُصَلٍّ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ فَرِجَالًا﴾ ﴿فَرِجَالًا﴾ أَيْ رَجَّالَةً يُقَالُ: رَاجِلٌ وَرِجَالٌ مِثْلُ صَاحِبٍ وَصِحَابٍ وَقَائِمٍ وَقِيَامٍ وَنَائِمٍ وَنِيَامٍ ﴿أَوْ رُكْبَانًا﴾ عَلَى دَوَابِّهِمْ وَهُوَ جَمْعُ رَاكِبٍ، مَعْنَاهُ إِنْ لَمْ يُمْكِنْكُمْ أَنْ تُصَلُّوا قَانِتِينَ مُوَفِّينَ لِلصَّلَاةِ حَقَّهَا لِخَوْفٍ فَصَلُّوا مُشَاةً عَلَى أَرْجُلِكُمْ أَوْ رُكْبَانًا عَلَى ظُهُورِ دَوَابِّكُمْ، وَهَذَا فِي حَالِ الْمُقَاتَلَةِ وَالْمُسَايَفَةِ يُصَلِّي حَيْثُ كَانَ وَجْهُهُ رَاجِلًا أَوْ رَاكِبًا مُسْتَقْبِلَ الْقِبْلَةِ وَغَيْرَ مُسْتَقْبَلِهَا وَيُومِئُ بِالرُّكُوعِ وَالسُّجُودِ وَيَجْعَلُ السُّجُودَ أَخْفَضَ مِنَ الرُّكُوعِ، وَكَذَلِكَ إِذَا قَصَدَهُ سَبُعٌ أَوْ غَشِيَهُ سَيْلٌ يَخَافُ مِنْهُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ فَعَدَا أَمَامَهُ مُصَلِّيًا بِالْإِيمَاءِ يَجُوزُ. وَالصَّلَاةُ فِي حَالِ الْخَوْفِ عَلَى أَقْسَامٍ فَهَذِهِ صَلَاةُ شِدَّةِ الْخَوْفِ وَسَائِرُ الْأَقْسَامِ سَيَأْتِي بَيَانُهَا فِي سُورَةِ النِّسَاءِ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى، وَلَا يُنْتَقَصُ عَدَدُ الرَّكَعَاتِ بِالْخَوْفِ عِنْدَ أَكْثَرِ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، وَرَوَى عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ قَالَ: فَرَضَ اللَّهُ الصَّلَاةَ عَلَى لِسَانِ نَبِيِّكُمْ ﷺ فِي الْحَضَرِ أَرْبَعًا وَفِي السَّفَرِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ وَفِي الْخَوْفِ رَكْعَةً (٢) وَهُوَ قَوْلُ عَطَاءٍ وطاووس وَالْحَسَنِ وَمُجَاهِدٍ وَقَتَادَةَ: أَنَّهُ يُصَلِّي فِي حَالِ شِدَّةِ الْخَوْفِ رَكْعَةً، وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: إِذَا كُنْتَ فِي الْقِتَالِ وَضَرَبَ النَّاسُ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا فَقُلْ "سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ وَلَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَاللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ وَاذْكُرِ اللَّهَ فَتِلْكَ صَلَاتُكَ" ﴿فَإِذَا أَمِنْتُمْ فَاذْكُرُوا اللَّهَ﴾ أَيْ فَصَلَّوُا الصَّلَوَاتِ الْخَمْسَ تَامَّةً بِحُقُوقِهَا ﴿كَمَا عَلَّمَكُمْ مَا لَمْ تَكُونُوا تَعْلَمُونَ﴾ ﴿وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنْكُمْ وَيَذَرُونَ أَزْوَاجًا وَصِيَّةً لِأَزْوَاجِهِمْ مَتَاعًا إِلَى الْحَوْلِ غَيْرَ إِخْرَاجٍ فَإِنْ خَرَجْنَ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي مَا فَعَلْنَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِنَّ مِنْ مَعْرُوفٍ وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ (٢٤٠) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَالَّذِينَ يُتَوَفَّوْنَ مِنْكُمْ﴾ يَا مَعْشَرَ الرِّجَالِ ﴿وَيَذَرُونَ﴾ أَيْ يَتْرُكُونَ ﴿أَزْوَاجًا﴾ أَيْ زَوْجَاتٍ ﴿وَصِيَّةً لِأَزْوَاجِهِمْ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ وَابْنُ عَامِرٍ وَحَمْزَةُ وَحَفْصٌ وَصِيَّةً بِالنَّصْبِ عَلَى مَعْنَى

(١) رواه البخاري في الوتر - باب: القنوت قبل الركوع وبعده ٢ / ٤٩٠ ورواية البخاري عن أنس قال "قنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه سلم شهرا يدعو على رعل وذكوان وقد روى الحديث أحمد وأبو داود في الصلاة باب القنوت في الصلوات. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٣ / ١٢٢. (٢) رواه مسلم: في المسافرين - باب: صلاة المسافرين وقصرها برقم (٦٨٧) ١ / ٤٧٩.