Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/118)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Know that the Friday prayer is an individual obligation. It is therefore obligatory upon everyone who is sane, has reached puberty, is free, male, and resident, provided he has no excuse. Whoever abandons it incurs the threat of punishment.

As for the child and the insane person, the Friday prayer is not obligatory upon them, because they are not fit to be bound by bodily obligations, owing to their physical incapacity. Nor is the Friday prayer ⦗164/A⦘ obligatory upon women, by consensus:

Abd al-Wahhab ibn Muhammad al-Khatib informed us; Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad al-Khallal informed us; Abu al-Abbas al-Asamm informed us; al-Rabi informed us; al-Shafi'i informed us; Ibrahim ibn Muhammad informed us; Salamah ibn Abd Allah al-Khatmi related to me from Muhammad ibn Ka'b that he heard a man from Banu Wa'il say: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “The Friday prayer is obligatory upon every Muslim, except a woman, a child, or a slave.” (1)

Most scholars held that the Friday prayer is not obligatory upon slaves. Al-Hasan, Qatadah, and al-Awza'i said: It is obligatory upon a slave whom his master has permitted to work independently in return for a stipulated payment. According to the majority, it is not obligatory upon the traveler.

Al-Nakha'i and al-Zuhri said: It is obligatory upon the traveler if he hears the call to prayer. Anyone who has an excuse—such as illness, attending to a sick person, or fear—may refrain from the Friday prayer. Likewise, he may refrain from it because of rain and mud.

Abd al-Wahid al-Malihi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu'aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf related to us; Muhammad ibn Isma'il related to us [Musaddad related to us; Isma'il related to us] (2); Abd al-Hamid, the associate of al-Ziyadi, informed me; Abd Allah ibn al-Harith ibn Umar related to us; Muhammad ibn Sirin related that Ibn Abbas said to his caller to prayer on a rainy day: “When you say, ‘I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah,’ do not say, ‘Come to prayer.’ Rather, say, ‘Pray in your homes.’” It was as though the people disapproved, so he said: “One better than I did this. The Friday prayer is a binding duty, but I disliked making you go out and walk through mud and slippery ground.” (3)

Everyone for whom attendance at the Friday prayer is not obligatory, if he attends and performs the Friday prayer with the imam, the obligation of the noon prayer is waived from him. However, he does not count toward the required number for the Friday prayer, except for a person with an excuse; if such a person attends, he counts toward the number. (4)

(1) Narrated by al-Shafi'i in his Musnad, 1:130; and by al-Bayhaqi in al-Sunan, 3:183. He said: “Although this hadith has an interrupted chain, it is a sound mursal report and has corroborating reports,” which he then cited. Ibn al-Turkumani objected to this in al-Jawhar al-Naqi, 3:183-184. Also cited by the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 4:223. (2) The text within parentheses is omitted from manuscript “A.” (3) Narrated by al-Bukhari in The Book of the Call to Prayer, “Chapter: Does the imam lead those present in prayer, and does he deliver the Friday sermon on a rainy day?” 2:157; and by Muslim in The Book of the Prayer of Travelers, “Chapter on Praying in One’s Dwellings,” no. 699, 1:485. (4) The text within parentheses is omitted from manuscript “A.”

وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ صَلَاةَ الْجُمُعَةِ مِنْ فُرُوضِ الْأَعْيَانِ، فَتَجِبُ عَلَى كُلِّ مَنْ جَمَعَ الْعَقْلَ، وَالْبُلُوغَ، وَالْحُرِّيَّةَ وَالذُّكُورَةَ وَالْإِقَامَةَ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ عُذْرٌ. وَمَنْ تَرَكَهَا اسْتَحَقَّ الْوَعِيدَ. وَأَمَّا الصَّبِيُّ وَالْمَجْنُونُ فَلَا جُمُعَةَ عَلَيْهِمَا، لِأَنَّهُمَا لَيْسَا مِنْ أَهْلِ أَنْ يَلْزَمَهُمَا فَرْضُ الْأَبْدَانِ لِنُقْصَانِ أَبْدَانِهِمَا، ولا جمعة ١٦٤/أعَلَى النِّسَاءِ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ: أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْخَطِيبُ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْخَلَّالُ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا الرَّبِيعُ، أَخْبَرَنَا الشَّافِعِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، حَدَّثَنِي سَلَمَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْخَطْمِيُّ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ رَجُلًا مِنْ بَنِي وَائِلٍ يَقُولُ: قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "تَجِبُ الْجُمُعَةُ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا امْرَأَةً أَوْ صَبِيًّا أَوْ مَمْلُوكًا" (١) وَذَهَبَ أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِلَى أَنَّهُ لَا جُمُعَةَ عَلَى الْعَبِيدِ. وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ وَقَتَادَةُ وَالْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: تَجِبُ عَلَى الْعَبْدِ الْمُخَارَجِ، وَلَا تَجِبُ عَلَى الْمُسَافِرِ عِنْدَ الْأَكْثَرِينَ. وَقَالَ النَّخَعِيُّ وَالزُّهْرِيُّ: تَجِبُ عَلَى الْمُسَافِرِ إِذَا سَمِعَ النِّدَاءَ، وَكُلُّ مَنْ لَهُ عُذْرٌ مِنْ مَرِضٍ أَوْ تَعَهُّدِ مَرِيضٍ أَوْ خَوْفٍ، جَازَ لَهُ تَرْكُ الْجُمُعَةِ، وَكَذَلِكَ لَهُ تَرْكُهَا بِعُذْرِ الْمَطَرِ وَالْوَحْلِ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّعِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ [حَدَّثَنَا مُسَدَّدُ حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ] (٢) أَخْبَرَنِي عَبْدُ الْحَمِيدِ صَاحِبُ الزِّيَادَيِّ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِيرِينَ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ لِمُؤَذِّنِهِ فِي يَوْمٍ مَطِيرٍ: إِذَا قُلْتَ: أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، فَلَا تَقُلْ: حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ. قُلْ: صَلُّوا فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ. فَكَأَنَّ النَّاسَ اسْتَنْكَرُوا فَقَالَ: فَعَلَهُ مَنْ هُوَ خَيْرٌ مِنِّي إِنَّ الْجُمُعَةَ عَزْمَةٌ، وَإِنِّي كَرِهْتُ أَنْ أُخْرِجَكُمْ فَتَمْشُوا فِي الطِّينِ وَالدَّحْضَ (٣) . وَكُلُّ مَنْ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ حُضُورُ الْجُمُعَةِ، فَإِذَا حَضَرَ وَصَلَّى مَعَ الْإِمَامِ [الْجُمُعَةَ] (٤) سَقَطَ عَنْهُ فَرْضُ الظُّهْرِ، وَلَكِنْ لَا يَكْمُلُ بِهِ عَدَدُ الْجُمُعَةِ إِلَّا صَاحِبَ الْعُذْرِ، فَإِنَّهُ إِذَا حَضَرَ يَكْمُلُ بِهِ الْعَدَدُ.

(١) أخرجه الشافعي في مسنده: ١ / ١٣٠، والبيهقي في السنن: ٣ / ١٨٣ وقال: هذا الحديث وإن كان فيه إرسال فهو مرسل جيد وله شواهد، ثم ساقها واعترضه ابن التركاني في الجوهر النقي: ٣ / ١٨٣ - ١٨٤. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٤ / ٢٢٣. (٢) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ". (٣) أخرجه البخاري في الأذان، باب هل يصلي الإمام بمن حضر وهل يخطب يوم الجمعة في المطر: ٢ / ١٥٧، ومسلم في صلاة المسافرين، باب الصلاة في الرحال برقم: (٦٩٩) : ١ / ٤٨٥. (٤) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ".