Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/98)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Ibn Abbas said: Her examination was that she be made to swear that she had not left out of hatred for her husband, nor out of infatuation with a Muslim man, nor from a desire to move from one land to another, nor because of some wrongdoing she had committed, nor in pursuit of worldly gain; rather, she had left solely out of desire for Islam and love for Allah and His Messenger.

He said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, made her swear to this, and when she swore, he did not return her. He gave her husband her dowry and what he had spent on her, and Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, married her. (1) He would return any men who came to him, but would retain any women who came to him after examining them, and would give their husbands their dowries.

“Allah knows best concerning their faith.” That examination was for you, while Allah knew them best. (2) “If you ascertain that they are believers, then do not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for them, nor are they lawful for them.” Allah has not made a believing woman lawful for a disbeliever. “Give them”—that is, their disbelieving husbands—“what they have spent,” meaning the dowries they had given them. “There is no blame upon you in marrying them when you give them their due compensation,” meaning their dowries. Allah permitted Muslim men to marry them, even if they had husbands in the land of disbelief, because Islam had separated them from their disbelieving husbands. “And do not hold fast”—Abu Amr and Yaqub recited it with consonantal doubling, while the others recited it without doubling, both deriving from the verb meaning “to hold fast”—“to the bonds of marriage with disbelieving women.” (3)

The term isam is the plural of ismah: that by which one is bound through a contract or lineage. Kawafir is the plural of kafirah.

Allah forbade the believers to remain married to polytheist women. In other words, whoever had a disbelieving wife in Mecca was no longer to regard her as his wife, for the marital bond between them had been severed.

Al-Zuhri said: When this verse was revealed, Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, divorced two polytheist wives whom he had in Mecca: Quraybah, daughter of Abu Umayyah ibn al-Mughirah, whom Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan married afterward, while both of them remained polytheists in Mecca; and the other was Umm Kulthum, daughter of ⦗162⦘ Amr ibn Jarwal al-Khuza'iyyah, the mother of his son Abdullah ibn Umar. Abu Jahm ibn Hudhayfah ibn Ghanim married her, and both of them remained polytheists. Arwa, daughter of Rabi'ah ibn al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib, was married to Talhah ibn Ubayd Allah. Talhah emigrated while she remained in Mecca upon the religion of her people, so Islam separated them; thereafter, Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Umayyah married her as a Muslim. (4)

Al-Sha'bi said: Zaynab, the daughter of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and the wife of Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi', accepted Islam and joined

(1) See Ibn Kathir, 4/351; al-Durr al-Manthur, 8/137; and al-Qurtubi, 18/62. (2) The text within the parentheses is omitted in manuscript “A.” (3) The text within the parentheses is omitted in manuscript “A.” (4) Reported by al-Tabari, 28/72. See also Ibn Kathir, 4/352.

قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: امْتِحَانُهَا: أَنْ تُسْتَحْلَفَ مَا خَرَجَتْ لِبُغْضِ زَوْجِهَا وَلَا عِشْقًا لِرَجُلٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَلَا رَغْبَةً عَنْ أَرْضٍ إِلَى أَرْضٍ، وَلَا لِحَدَثٍ أَحْدَثَتْهُ وَلَا لِالْتِمَاسِ دُنْيَا وَمَا خَرَجَتْ إِلَّا رَغْبَةً فِي الْإِسْلَامِ وَحُبًّا لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ. قَالَ فَاسْتَحْلَفَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَحَلَفَتْ فَلَمْ يَرُدَّهَا، وَأَعْطَى زَوْجَهَا مَهْرَهَا وَمَا أَنْفَقَ عَلَيْهَا؛ فَتَزَوَّجَهَا عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ﵁ (١) وَكَانَ يَرُدُّ مَنْ جَاءَهُ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ وَيَحْبِسُ مَنْ جَاءَهُ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ بَعْدَ الِامْتِحَانِ وَيُعْطِي أَزْوَاجَهُنَّ مُهُورَهُنَّ. ﴿اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَانِهِنَّ﴾ [أَيْ هَذَا الِامْتِحَانُ لَكُمْ، وَاللَّهِ أَعْلَمُ بِهِنَّ] (٢) ﴿فَإِنْ عَلِمْتُمُوهُنَّ مُؤْمِنَاتٍ فَلَا تَرْجِعُوهُنَّ إِلَى الْكُفَّارِ لَا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ﴾ مَا أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ مُؤْمِنَةً لِكَافِرٍ ﴿وَآتُوهُمْ﴾ يَعْنِي أَزْوَاجَهُنَّ الْكُفَّارَ ﴿مَا أَنْفَقُوا﴾ عَلَيْهِنَّ يَعْنِي الْمَهْرَ الَّذِي دَفَعُوا إِلَيْهِنَّ ﴿وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ أَنْ تَنْكِحُوهُنَّ إِذَا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ﴾ أَيْ مُهُورَهُنَّ، أَبَاحَ اللَّهُ نِكَاحَهُنَّ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُنَّ أَزْوَاجٌ فِي دَارِ الْكُفْرِ لِأَنَّ الْإِسْلَامَ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُنَّ وَبَيْنَ أَزْوَاجِهِنَّ الْكُفَّارِ ﴿وَلَا تُمْسِكُوا﴾ [قَرَأَ أَبُو عَمْرٍو وَيَعْقُوبُ: بِالتَّشْدِيدِ، وَالْآخَرُونَ: بِالتَّخْفِيفِ، مِنَ الْإِمْسَاكِ] (٣) ﴿بِعِصَمِ الْكَوَافِرِ﴾ "وَالْعِصَمُ": جُمْعُ الْعِصْمَةِ، وَهِيَ مَا يُعْتَصَمُ بِهِ مِنَ الْعَقْدِ وَالنَّسَبِ. "وَالْكَوَافِرُ": جُمْعُ الْكَافِرَةِ. نَهَى اللَّهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَنِ الْمُقَامِ عَلَى نِكَاحِ الْمُشْرِكَاتِ، يَقُولُ: مَنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ امْرَأَةٌ كَافِرَةٌ بِمَكَّةَ فَلَا يَعْتَدُّ بِهَا فَقَدِ انْقَطَعَتْ عِصْمَةُ الزَّوْجِيَّةِ بَيْنَهُمَا. قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ: فَلَمَّا نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ طَلَّقَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ﵁ امْرَأَتَيْنِ كَانَتَا لَهُ بِمَكَّةَ مُشْرِكَتَيْنِ: قُرَيْبَةُ بِنْتُ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ، فَتَزَوَّجَهَا بَعْدَهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَهُمَا عَلَى شِرْكِهِمَا بِمَكَّةَ، وَالْأُخْرَى أُمُّ كلثوم بنت ١٦٢/أعَمْرِو بْنِ جَرْوَلٍ الْخُزَاعِيَةُ أُمِّ ابْنِهِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، فَتَزَوَّجَهَا أَبُو جَهْمِ بْنُ حُذَافَةَ بْنِ غَانِمٍ، وَهُمْا عَلَى شِرْكِهِمَا. وَكَانَتْ أَرْوَى بِنْتُ ربيعة بن الحرث بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ تَحْتَ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، فَهَاجَرَ طَلْحَةُ وَهِيَ بِمَكَّةَ عَلَى دِينِ قَوْمِهَا فَفَرَّقَ الْإِسْلَامُ بَيْنَهُمَا فَتَزَوَّجَهَا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ خَالِدُ بْنُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ (٤) . قَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ: وَكَانَتْ زَيْنَبُ بِنْتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ امْرَأَةُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ أَسْلَمَتْ وَلَحِقَتْ

(١) انظر: ابن كثير: ٤ / ٣٥١، الدر المنثور: ٨ / ١٣٧، القرطبي: ١٨ / ٦٢. (٢) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ". (٣) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ". (٤) أخرجه الطبري: ٢٨ / ٧٢. وانظر: ابن كثير: ٤ / ٣٥٢.