Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/97)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

he was upon your religion—unless you returned him to us and left us free to deal with him.” The believers disliked this, but Suhayl would accept nothing else. So the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, concluded the written agreement on those terms. That day, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, returned Abu Jandal to his father, Suhayl ibn Amr. Throughout that period, whenever any man came to him, he returned him, even if he was a Muslim.

Then believing women came as emigrants. Among those who came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, that day as an emigrant was Umm Kulthum, daughter of Uqbah ibn Abi Muayt, who was a young woman. Her family came asking the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, to return her to them, but he did not return her because of what Allah had revealed concerning them: “When believing women come to you as emigrants, examine them. Allah knows best concerning their faith,” up to His words, “nor are they lawful for them.”

Urwah said: Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, informed me that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, would examine them according to this verse: “O Prophet, when believing women come to you...” up to His words, “Forgiving, Merciful.”

Urwah said: Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, said: Whoever among them affirmed these conditions, the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, would say to her verbally, “I have accepted your pledge.” By Allah, his hand never touched the hand of any woman when accepting their pledges; he accepted their pledges only by his words. (1)

Ibn Abbas said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, set out to perform Umrah. When he reached al-Hudaybiyyah, the polytheists of Mecca made a peace treaty with him on the condition that whoever from the people of Mecca came to him would be returned to them, whereas whoever from among the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, came to the people of Mecca would not be returned to him. They wrote out a document to that effect and sealed it.

After the document had been concluded, Subayah, daughter of al-Harith al-Aslamiyyah, came as a Muslim. Her husband, Musafir of Banu Makhzum—whom Muqatil identified as Sayfi ibn al-Rahib—came seeking her. He was a disbeliever, and he said, “O Muhammad, return my wife to me, for you stipulated that you would return to us whoever from among us came to you, and the ink on this document has not yet dried.” Thereupon Allah, Exalted is He, revealed: “O you who believe, when believing women come to you as emigrants”—from the abode of disbelief to the abode of Islam—“then examine them.”

(1) Reported by al-Bukhari in the Book of Conditions, chapter: “Conditions permissible in Islam, legal rulings, and pledges of allegiance,” 5/213; and at greater length in the chapter: “Conditions in jihad,” 5/329-332; by Muslim in the Book of Leadership, chapter: “The manner of women’s pledge of allegiance,” no. 1866, 3/1489; and by the author of Sharh al-Sunnah, 11/157-158.

كَانَ عَلَى دِينِكَ-إِلَّا رَدَدْتَهُ إِلَيْنَا، وَخَلَّيْتَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُ. فَكَرِهَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ ذَلِكَ وَأَبِي سُهَيْلٌ إِلَّا ذَلِكَ، فَكَاتَبَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَرَدَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمَئِذٍ أَبَا جَنْدَلٍ إِلَى أَبِيهِ سُهَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، وَلَمْ يَأْتِهِ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ إِلَّا رَدَّهُ فِي تِلْكَ الْمُدَّةِ وَإِنْ كَانَ مُسْلِمًا، وَجَاءَتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ مُهَاجِرَاتٍ، وَكَانَتْ أُمُّ كُلْثُومٍ بِنْتُ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ مِمَّنْ خَرَجَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَئِذٍ مُهَاجِرَةً وَهِيَ عَاتِقٌ، فَجَاءَ أَهْلُهَا يَسْأَلُونَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ أَنْ يُرْجِعَهَا إِلَيْهِمْ فَلَمْ يُرْجِعْهَا إِلَيْهِمْ لِمَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِنَّ: "إِذَا جَاءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ مُهَاجِرَاتٍ فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ اللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَانِهِنَّ" إِلَى "وَلَا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ" قَالَ عُرْوَةُ فَأَخْبَرَتْنِي عَائِشَةُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهَا: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَمْتَحِنُهُنَّ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ: "يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِذَا جَاءَكَ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ" إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: "غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ". قَالَ عُرْوَةُ: قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ ﵂: فَمَنْ أَقَرَّتْ بِهَذَا الشَّرْطِ مِنْهُنَّ قَالَ لَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَدْ بَايَعْتُكِ كَلَامًا يُكَلِّمُهَا بِهِ، وَاللَّهِ مَا مَسَّتْ يَدُهُ يَدَ امْرَأَةٍ قَطُّ فِي الْمُبَايَعَةِ مَا بَايَعَهُنَّ إِلَّا بِقَوْلِهِ (١) . قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: أَقْبَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مُعْتَمِرًا حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ بِالْحُدَيْبِيَةِ صَالَحَهُ مُشْرِكُو مَكَّةَ عَلَى أَنَّ مَنْ أَتَاهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ رَدَّهُ إِلَيْهِمْ وَمَنْ أَتَى أَهْلَ مَكَّةَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمْ يَرُدُّوهُ إِلَيْهِ، وَكَتَبُوا بِذَلِكَ كِتَابًا وَخَتَمُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَجَاءَتْ سُبَيْعَةُ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ الْأَسْلَمِيَّةُ مُسْلِمَةً بَعْدَ الْفَرَاغِ مِنَ الْكِتَابِ، فَأَقْبَلَ زَوْجُهَا مُسَافِرٌ مِنْ بَنِي مَخْزُومٍ -وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ هُوَ: صَيْفِيُّ بْنُ الرَّاهِبِ-فِي طَلَبِهَا، وَكَانَ كَافِرًا، فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ رُدَّ عَلَيَّ امْرَأَتِي فَإِنَّكَ قَدْ شَرَطْتَ أَنْ تَرُدَّ عَلَيْنَا مَنْ أَتَاكَ مِنَّا وَهَذِهِ طَيَّةُ الْكِتَابِ لَمْ تَجِفَّ بَعْدُ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ ﷿: "يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا جَاءَكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَاتُ مُهَاجِرَاتٍ" مِنْ دَارِ الْكُفْرِ إِلَى دَارِ الْإِسْلَامِ ﴿فَامْتَحِنُوهُنَّ﴾

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الشروط، باب ما يجوز من الشروط في الإسلام والأحكام والمبايعة: ٥ / ٢١٣ ومطولا في باب الشروط في الجهاد: ٥ / ٣٢٩-٣٣٢، ومسلم في الإمارة، باب كيفية بيعة النساء (١٨٦٦) : ٣ / ١٤٨٩، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ١٥٧-١٥٨.