Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/95)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

and thus be led astray. Mujahid said: Do not punish us at their hands, nor with a punishment from Yourself, lest they say, “Had these people been upon the truth, this would not have befallen them.” (1)

“Our Lord, forgive us. Indeed, You alone are the Almighty, the All-Wise.”

“There has certainly been for you in them”—that is, in Abraham and those who were with him—“an excellent example for whoever hopes in Allah and the Last Day.” This clause stands in apposition to His words, “for you,” clarifying that this example is for whoever fears Allah and fears the punishment of the Hereafter. “And whoever turns away,” that is, turns away from faith and takes the disbelievers as allies, “then indeed Allah is the Self-Sufficient,” free of need of His creation, “the Praiseworthy,” worthy of praise in the sight of His allies and those who obey Him.

Muqatil said: When Allah commanded the believers to show enmity toward the disbelievers, the believers became hostile toward their polytheist relatives and openly declared their enmity and disavowal of them. Allah knew the intensity of the believers’ sorrow over this, so Allah revealed: (2) “Perhaps Allah will bring about affection between you and those of them with whom you have been enemies”—that is, the disbelievers of Mecca—“and Allah is Most Capable, and Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” Allah then brought this about when many of them embraced Islam, becoming their allies and brothers; they associated and intermarried with them.

Then Allah, Exalted is He, granted permission to maintain ties with those who had not opposed 161/b the believers or fought them, saying: “Allah does not forbid you from showing kindness to those who have neither fought you because of your religion nor driven you from your homes.” “Allah does not forbid you from showing kindness to those who have neither fought you because of your religion nor driven you from your homes,” meaning: Allah does not forbid you from treating kindly those who have not fought you, “and dealing justly with them,” that is, treating them with justice through benevolence and kindness. “Indeed, Allah loves those who deal justly.” Ibn Abbas said: This was revealed concerning Khuza'ah, who had made a treaty with the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, that they would neither fight him nor assist anyone against him. Thus, Allah permitted treating them kindly.

(1) Reported by al-Tabari, 28/64. See also al-Bahr al-Muhit, 8/225; and Ibn Kathir, 4/394. (2) Mentioned by Ibn Kathir, 4/349-350. See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul (Occasions of Revelation), p. 488.

فَيُفْتَنُوا وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: لَا تُعَذِّبْنَا بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَلَا بِعَذَابٍ مِنْ عِنْدِكَ فَيَقُولُونَ: لَوْ كَانَ هَؤُلَاءِ عَلَى الْحَقِّ مَا أَصَابَهُمْ ذَلِكَ (١) ﴿وَاغْفِرْ لَنَا رَبَّنَا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ﴾ ﴿لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِيهِمْ﴾ أَيْ فِي إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ ﴿أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِمَنْ كَانَ يَرْجُو اللَّهَ وَالْيَوْمَ الْآخِرَ﴾ هَذَا بَدَلٌ مِنْ قَوْلِهِ "لَكُمْ" وَبَيَانٌ أَنَّ هَذِهِ الْأُسْوَةَ لِمَنْ يَخَافُ اللَّهَ وَيَخَافُ عَذَابَ الْآخِرَةِ ﴿وَمَنْ يَتَوَلَّ﴾ يُعْرِضْ عَنِ الْإِيمَانِ وَيُوَالِ الْكُفَّارَ ﴿فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ﴾ عَنْ خَلْقِهِ ﴿الْحَمِيدُ﴾ إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِهِ وَأَهْلِ طَاعَتِهِ. قَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: فَلَمَّا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِعَدَاوَةِ الْكُفَّارِ عَادَى الْمُؤْمِنُونَ أَقْرِبَاءَهُمُ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَأَظْهَرُوا لَهُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَرَاءَةَ. وَيَعْلَمُ اللَّهُ شِدَّةَ وَجْدِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِذَلِكَ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ (٢) ﴿عَسَى اللَّهُ أَنْ يَجْعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَ الَّذِينَ عَادَيْتُمْ مِنْهُمْ﴾ أَيْ مِنْ كُفَّارِ مَكَّةَ ﴿مَوَدَّةً﴾ فَفَعَلَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ بِأَنْ أَسْلَمَ كَثِيرٌ مِنْهُمْ، فَصَارُوا لَهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءَ وَإِخْوَانًا، وَخَالَطُوهُمْ وَنَاكَحُوهُمْ ﴿وَاللَّهُ قَدِيرٌ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ﴾ ثُمَّ رَخَّصَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي صِلَةِ الَّذِينَ لم يعادوا ١٦١/ب الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَلَمْ يُقَاتِلُوهُمْ فَقَالَ: ﴿لَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ أَنْ تَبَرُّوهُمْ﴾ ﴿لَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخْرِجُوكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ أَنْ تَبَرُّوهُمْ﴾ أَيْ لَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنْ بِرِّ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ ﴿وَتُقْسِطُوا إِلَيْهِمْ﴾ تَعْدِلُوا فِيهِمْ بِالْإِحْسَانِ وَالْبِرِّ ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: نَزَلَتْ فِي خُزَاعَةَ كَانُوا قَدْ صَالَحُوا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ عَلَى أَنْ لَا يُقَاتِلُوهُ وَلَا يُعِينُوا عَلَيْهِ أَحَدًا، فَرَخَّصَ اللَّهُ فِي بِرِّهِمْ.

(١) أخرجه الطبري: ٢٨ / ٦٤، وانظر: البحر المحيط: ٨ / ٢٢٥ وابن كثير: ٤ / ٣٩٤. (٢) ذكره ابن كثير: ٤ / ٣٤٩-٣٥٠. انظر أسباب النزول للواحدي صفحة: (٤٨٨) .