Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/287)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

the husband, if she has been previously married and is competent to waive her right; or her guardian may waive it, relinquishing her share on her behalf, if she is a virgin or is not legally competent to manage her own affairs. Thus, her guardian’s waiver is valid. This was the view of Alqamah, Ata, al-Hasan, al-Zuhri, and Rabiʿah.

Some held that the guardian’s waiver is valid only when the woman is a virgin; if she has been previously married, her guardian’s waiver is not valid. Others said that the one in whose hand lies the marriage bond is the husband. This was the view of Ali, and it was also held by Saʿid ibn al-Musayyab, Saʿid ibn Jubayr, al-Shaʿbi, Shurayh, Mujahid, and Qatadah. They said: Her guardian may not relinquish any part of the dower, whether she is a virgin or has been previously married, just as he may not do so before the divorce by unanimous agreement, and just as he may not give away any of her property.

They said that the meaning of the verse is: unless the woman waives her right by relinquishing her share, in which case the entire dower returns to the husband; or the husband waives his right by relinquishing his share, in which case she receives the entire dower. According to this interpretation, the meaning of the verse is that the one in whose hand lies the marriage bond is the one who holds the bond of his own marriage, in every circumstance, before or after divorce.

“And that you waive is nearer to God-consciousness.” Its grammatical position is that of a nominative subject; that is, waiving is nearer to God-consciousness. The address is directed to both men and women, since when the masculine and feminine are combined, the masculine form prevails. Its meaning is: the waiving of one of you in favour of the other is nearer to God-consciousness.

“And do not forget graciousness between yourselves,” that is, the generosity of one of you toward the other: the man by giving the full dower, or the woman by relinquishing her share. Thus, He urges them both to act kindly. “Indeed, Allah sees all that you do.”

الزَّوْجِ إِنْ كَانَتْ ثَيِّبًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعَفْوِ، أَوْ يَعْفُو وَلِيُّهَا فَيَتْرُكُ نَصِيبَهَا إِنْ كَانَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ بِكْرًا أَوْ غَيْرَ جَائِزَةِ الْأَمْرِ فَيَجُوزُ عَفْوُ وَلِيِّهَا وَهُوَ قَوْلُ عَلْقَمَةَ وَعَطَاءٍ وَالْحَسَنِ وَالزُّهْرِيِّ وَرَبِيعَةَ، وَذَهَبَ بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا يَجُوزُ عَفْوُ الْوَلِيِّ إِذَا كَانَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ بِكْرًا فَإِنْ كَانَتْ ثَيِّبًا فَلَا يَجُوزُ عَفْوُ وَلِيِّهَا، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: الَّذِي بِيَدِهِ عُقْدَةُ النِّكَاحِ هُوَ الزَّوْجُ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ عَلِيٍّ، وَبِهِ قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ وَسَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ وَالشَّعْبِيِّ وَشُرَيْحٍ وَمُجَاهِدٍ وَقَتَادَةَ، وَقَالُوا: لَا يَجُوزُ لِوَلِيِّهَا تَرْكُ الشَّيْءِ مِنَ الصَّدَاقِ، بِكْرًا كَانَتْ أَوْ ثَيِّبًا كَمَا لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ ذَلِكَ قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ وَكَمَا لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يَهَبَ شَيْئًا مِنْ مَالِهَا، وَقَالُوا: مَعْنَى الْآيَةِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَعْفُوَ الْمَرْأَةُ بِتَرْكِ نَصِيبِهَا فَيَعُودُ جَمِيعُ الصَّدَاقِ إِلَى الزَّوْجِ أَوْ يَعْفُو الزَّوْجُ بِتَرْكِ نَصِيبِهِ فَيَكُونُ لَهَا جَمِيعُ الصَّدَاقِ، فَعَلَى هَذَا التَّأْوِيلِ وَجْهُ الْآيَةِ: الَّذِي بِيَدِهِ عُقْدَةُ النِّكَاحِ نِكَاحِ نَفْسِهِ فِي كُلِّ حَالٍ قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ ﴿وَأَنْ تَعْفُوا أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَى﴾ موضعه رفع الابتداء أَيْ فَالْعَفْوُ أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَى، أَيْ إِلَى التَّقْوَى، وَالْخِطَابُ لِلرِّجَالِ وَالنِّسَاءِ جَمِيعًا لِأَنَّ الْمُذَكَّرَ وَالْمُؤَنَّثَ إِذَا اجْتَمَعَا كَانَتِ الْغَلَبَةُ لِلْمُذَكَّرِ مَعْنَاهُ: وَعَفْوُ بَعْضِكُمْ عَنْ بَعْضٍ أَقْرَبُ لِلتَّقْوَى ﴿وَلَا تَنْسَوُا الْفَضْلَ بَيْنَكُمْ﴾ أَيْ إِفْضَالَ بَعْضِكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ بِإِعْطَاءِ الرَّجُلِ تَمَامَ الصَّدَاقِ أَوْ تَرْكِ الْمَرْأَةِ نَصِيبَهَا، حَثَّهُمَا جَمِيعًا عَلَى الْإِحْسَانِ ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ﴾