Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/73)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

one of them of the other.” He said, “Be patient. I adjure you by Allah, by whose permission the heavens and the earth stand: Do you know that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, ‘We are not inherited from; whatever we leave behind is charity’—meaning himself?” They replied, “He did indeed say that.”

Then ‘Umar turned to ‘Ali and al-‘Abbas and said, “I adjure you by Allah: Do you know that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said this?” They replied, “Yes.”

He said, “I shall now speak to you concerning this matter. Allah had granted His Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, a special share of fay’ that He gave to no one else. He said: ‘Whatever Allah restored to His Messenger from them—you did not spur any horses or camels to obtain it,’ up to His words, ‘and Allah is Most Capable of all things.’ This was exclusively for the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. Yet he did not keep it from you for himself, nor did he favour himself over you with it. Rather, he gave it to you and distributed it among you, until only this property remained. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, would spend from this property on his family for their yearly maintenance; then he would take what remained and dispose of it as Allah’s property. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, acted in this manner throughout his life.

“Then the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, passed away, and Abu Bakr said, ‘I am the guardian of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him.’ Abu Bakr, may Allah Most High be pleased with him, then took charge of it and administered it just as the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, had administered it. All of you were present at that time.” Then he turned to ‘Ali and al-‘Abbas and said, “You both recall that Abu Bakr acted concerning it as you say; and Allah knows that, in his handling of it, he was truthful, dutiful, rightly guided, and obedient to the truth.

“Then Allah caused Abu Bakr to die, and I said, ‘I am the guardian of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and of Abu Bakr.’ I took charge of it for two years of my rule, administering it as the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and Abu Bakr had administered it. Allah knows that, in my handling of it, I have been truthful, dutiful, rightly guided, and obedient to the truth.

“Then you both came to me, united in your statement and cause. I said to you, ‘The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “We are not inherited from; whatever we leave behind is charity.”’ When I thought it proper to hand it over to you, I said, ‘If you wish, I will hand it over to you, on the condition that you are bound by Allah’s covenant and pledge to administer it as the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and Abu Bakr had administered it, and as I have administered it since I took charge of it. Otherwise, do not speak to me about it.’ You said, ‘Hand it over to us on those terms,’ so I handed it over to you. Do you now seek from me a judgement other than that? By Allah, by whose permission the heavens and the earth stand, I shall not judge concerning it in any way other than this until the Hour is established. If you are unable to manage it, then return it to me, and I shall suffice you in its management.” (1)

His words, exalted is He: “Whatever Allah restored to His Messenger from the people of the towns”—that is, from the property of the disbelieving inhabitants of the towns. Ibn ‘Abbas said: “They are Qurayzah, al-Nadir, Fadak, Khaybar, and the towns of Uraynah.” “It belongs to Allah, the Messenger, his near relatives, the orphans, the needy, and the traveller.” We have already mentioned in Surat al-Anfal the rulings concerning war booty and fay’. During his lifetime, fay’ property belonged to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and he disposed of it as he wished. He would spend from it on his family for their yearly maintenance and dispose of what remained as Allah’s property. (2)

The scholars differed concerning the disposal of fay’ after the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. One group said: It belongs to the leaders after him.

(1) Recorded by al-Bukhari in Kitab al-Fara'id, chapter: “The Prophet’s saying: ‘We are not inherited from; what we leave is charity,’” 12:6; and in Kitab al-Maghazi, 7:334-335; and by Muslim in Kitab al-Jihad, chapter: “The ruling on fay' (booty acquired without fighting),” no. 1757, 3:1377-1379. (2) See above, 3:361.

أَحَدَهُمَا مِنَ الْآخَرِ، قَالَ: اتَّئِدُوا أَنْشُدُكُمْ بِاللَّهِ الَّذِي بِإِذْنِهِ تَقُومُ السَّمَاءُ وَالْأَرْضُ هَلْ تَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: لَا نُورَثُ مَا تَرَكْنَا صَدَقَةٌ يُرِيدُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَفْسَهُ؟ قَالُوا: قَدْ قَالَ ذَلِكَ، فَأَقْبَلَ عُمَرُ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ وَعَبَّاسٍ، فَقَالَ أَنْشُدُكُمَا بِاللَّهِ هَلْ تَعْلَمَانِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ ذَلِكَ؟ قَالَا نَعَمْ قَالَ: فَإِنِّي أُحَدِّثُكُمْ عَنْ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ خَصَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الْفَيْءِ بِشَيْءٍ لَمْ يُعْطِهُ أَحَدًا غَيْرَهُ، فَقَالَ: "وَمَا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْهُمْ فَمَا أَوْجَفْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ خَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ" إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: "قَدِيرٌ" وَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ خَالِصَةً لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَا احْتَازَهَا دُونَكُمْ وَلَا اسْتَأْثَرَهَا عَلَيْكُمْ لَقَدْ أَعْطَاكُمُوهَا وَبَثَّهَا فِيكُمْ حَتَّى بَقِيَ مِنْهَا هَذَا الْمَالُ، فَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُنْفِقُ عَلَى أَهْلِهِ نَفَقَةَ سَنَتِهِمْ مِنْ هَذَا الْمَالِ ثُمَّ يَأْخُذُ مَا بَقِيَ فَيَجْعَلُهُ مَجْعَلَ مَالِ اللَّهِ، فَعَمِلَ بِذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَيَاتَهُ، ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ، فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: أَنَا وَلِيُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَبَضَهَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُ فَعَمِلَ بِهَا بِمَا عَمِلَ بِهِ فِيهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَنْتُمْ حِينَئِذٍ جَمِيعٌ وَأَقْبَلَ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ وَعَبَّاسٍ: تَذْكُرَانِ أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ فَعَلَ فِيهِ كَمَا تَقُولَانِ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنَّهُ فِيهَا صَادِقٌ بَارٌّ رَاشِدٌ تَابِعٌ لِلْحَقِّ، ثُمَّ تَوَفَّى اللَّهُ، أَبَا بَكْرٍ، فَقُلْتُ: أَنَا وَلِيُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَبِي بَكْرٍ فَقَبَضْتُهَا سَنَتَيْنِ مِنْ إِمَارَتِي أَعْمَلُ فِيهَا بِمَا عَمِلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ وَاللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِنِّي فِيهِ صَادِقٌ بَارٌّ رَاشِدٌ تَابِعٌ لِلْحَقِّ، ثُمَّ جِئْتُمَانِي كِلَاكُمَا وَكَلِمَتُكُمَا وَاحِدَةٌ، وَأَمْرُكُمَا جَمِيعٌ فَقُلْتُ لَكُمَا: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: لَا نُورَثُ مَا تَرَكْنَا صَدَقَةٌ، فَلَمَّا بَدَا لِي أَنْ أَدْفَعَهُ إِلَيْكُمَا قُلْتُ: إِنْ شِئْتُمَا دَفَعْتُهُ إِلَيْكُمَا عَلَى أَنَّ عَلَيْكُمَا عَهْدَ اللَّهِ وَمِيثَاقَهُ لَتَعْمَلَانِ فِيهَا بِمَا عَمِلَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَبِمَا عَمِلْتُ بِهِ فِيهَا مُنْذُ وَلِيتُهَا وَإِلَّا فَلَا تُكَلِّمَانِي فِيهَا فَقُلْتُمَا: ادْفَعْهَا إِلَيْنَا بِذَلِكَ فَدَفَعْتُهَا إِلَيْكُمَا أَفَتَلْتَمِسَانِ مِنِّي قَضَاءً غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ؟ فَوَاللَّهِ الَّذِي بِإِذْنِهِ تَقُومُ السَّمَاءُ وَالْأَرْضُ لَا أَقْضِي فِيهَا قَضَاءً غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ حَتَّى تَقُومَ السَّاعَةُ، فَإِنْ عَجَزْتُمَا عَنْهَا فَادْفَعَاهَا إِلَيَّ فَإِنِّي أَكْفِيكُمَا (١) . قَوْلُهُ ﷿ ﴿مَا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقُرَى﴾ يَعْنِي مِنْ أَمْوَالِ كُفَّارِ أَهْلِ الْقُرَى، قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: هِيَ قُرَيْظَةُ وَالنَّضِيرُ وَفَدَكُ وَخَيْبَرُ وَقُرَى عُرَيْنَةَ ﴿فَلِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ﴾ قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا فِي سُورَةِ الْأَنْفَالِ حُكْمَ الْغَنِيمَةِ وَحُكْمَ الْفَيْءِ. إِنَّ مَالَ الْفَيْءِ كَانَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي حَيَاتِهِ يَضَعُهُ حَيْثُ يَشَاءُ وَكَانَ يُنْفِقُ مِنْهُ عَلَى أَهْلِهِ نَفَقَةَ سَنَتِهِمْ وَيَجْعَلُ مَا بَقِيَ مَجْعَلَ مَالِ اللَّهِ (٢) . وَاخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِي مَصْرِفِ الْفَيْءِ بَعْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ: قَوْمٌ هُوَ لِلْأَئِمَّةِ بَعْدَهُ.

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الفرائض، باب قول النبي ﷺ (لا نورث ما تركناه صدقة) : ١٢ / ٦ وفي المغازي: ٧ / ٣٣٤ - ٣٣٥، ومسلم في الجهاد، باب حكم الفيء برقم (١٧٥٧) : ٣ / ١٣٧٧ - ١٣٧٩. (٢) انظر: فيما سبق: ٣ / ٣٦١.