Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/64)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Surah al-Hashr is Medinan. (1)

Sa‘id ibn Jubayr said: I said to Ibn ‘Abbas, “Surah al-Hashr?” He replied, “Say: Surah al-Nadir.” (2)

In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.

“Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth glorifies Allah, and He is the Almighty, the All-Wise.” (1)

“Whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth glorifies Allah, and He is the Almighty, the All-Wise.” The exegetes said: This surah was revealed concerning Banu al-Nadir. (3)

When the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, arrived in Madinah, Banu al-Nadir made a treaty with him, agreeing neither to fight him nor to join him in fighting. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, accepted this from them. When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, campaigned at Badr and prevailed over the polytheists, Banu al-Nadir said, “By Allah, he is the Prophet whose description we found in the Torah; no banner raised by him is ever turned back.”

But when he campaigned at Uhud and the Muslims were defeated, they became doubtful, openly displayed hostility toward the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and the believers, and violated the covenant between themselves and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf set out with forty Jewish horsemen for Makkah. They came to Quraysh, formed an alliance with them, and made a pact that they would stand united against Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. Abu Sufyan, accompanied by forty men, and Ka‘b, accompanied by forty Jews, entered the Sacred Mosque, and they pledged a covenant to one another between the curtains and the Ka‘bah. Ka‘b and his companions then returned to Madinah.

Gabriel descended and informed the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, of the agreement made by Ka‘b and Abu Sufyan. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, therefore ordered Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf to be killed, and Muhammad ibn Maslamah killed him—as we mentioned in Surah Al ‘Imran. (4)

The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had also discovered treachery on their part when he came to them concerning the blood money for the two Muslims killed by

(1) Ibn al-Durays, al-Nahhas, Ibn Mardawayh, and al-Bayhaqi reported from Ibn Abbas that Surah al-Hashr was revealed in Medina. Ibn Mardawayh also reported the same from Ibn al-Zubayr. See al-Durr al-Manthur, 8:88. (2) Reported by al-Bukhari in Kitab al-Tafsir, under the commentary on Surah al-Hashr, 8:629. (3) Reported by al-Bukhari in the preceding reference, and by Muslim in Kitab al-Tafsir, chapter on Surah Bara'ah, al-Anfal, and al-Hashr, no. 3031, 4:2322, on the authority of Said ibn Jubayr. (4) See above, 2:147.

سُورَةُ الْحَشْرِ مَدَنِيَّةٌ (١) قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: قُلْتُ لِابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: سُورَةُ الْحَشْرِ؟ قَالَ: قُلْ: سُورَةُ النَّضِيرِ (٢) بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ﴿سَبَّحَ لِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ (١) ﴾ ﴿سَبَّحَ لِلَّهِ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَهُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ﴾ قَالَ الْمُفَسِّرُونَ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ السُّورَةُ فِي بَنِي النَّضِيرِ (٣) وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ دَخَلَ الْمَدِينَةَ فَصَالَحَتْهُ بَنُو النَّضِيرِ عَلَى أَنْ لَا يُقَاتِلُوهُ وَلَا يُقَاتِلُوا مَعَهُ فَقَبِلَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْهُمْ، فَلَمَّا غَزَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَدْرًا وَظَهَرَ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَالَتْ بَنُو النَّضِيرِ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ النَّبِيُّ الَّذِي وَجَدْنَا نَعْتَهُ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ لَا تُرَدُّ لَهُ رَايَةٌ، فَلَمَّا غَزَا أُحُدًا وَهُزِمَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ ارْتَابُوا وَأَظْهَرُوا الْعَدَاوَةَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَنَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَرَكِبَ كَعْبُ بْنُ الْأَشْرَفِ فِي أَرْبَعِينَ رَاكِبًا مِنَ الْيَهُودِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ فَأَتَوْا قُرَيْشًا فَحَالَفُوهُمْ وَعَاقَدُوهُمْ عَلَى أَنْ تَكُونَ كَلِمَتُهُمْ وَاحِدَةً عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ وَدَخَلَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ فِي أَرْبَعِينَ وَكَعْبٌ فِي أَرْبَعِينَ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ، وَأَخَذَ بَعْضُهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ الْمِيثَاقَ بَيْنَ الْأَسْتَارِ وَالْكَعْبَةِ، ثُمَّ رَجَعَ كَعْبٌ وَأَصْحَابُهُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، وَنَزَلَ جِبْرِيلُ فَأَخْبَرَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ بِمَا تَعَاقَدَ عَلَيْهِ كَعْبٌ وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ، فَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِقَتْلِ كَعْبِ بْنِ الْأَشْرَفِ فَقَتَلَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ -ذَكَرْنَاهُ فِي سُورَةِ آلِ عِمْرَانَ (٤) . وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ اطَّلَعَ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى خِيَانَةٍ حِينَ أَتَاهُمْ فِي دِيَةِ الْمُسْلِمَيْنِ اللَّذَيْنِ قَتَلَهُمَا

(١) أخرج ابن الضريس والنحاس وابن مردويه والبيهقي عن ابن عباس قال: نزلت سورة الحشر بالمدينة. وأخرج ابن مردويه عن ابن الزبير مثله. انظر: الدر المنثور: ٨ / ٨٨. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في التفسير - تفسير سورة الحشر - ٨ / ٦٢٩. (٣) أخرجه البخاري في الموضع السابق، ومسلم في التفسير، باب في سورة براءة والأنفال والحشر، برقم (٣٠٣١) : ٤ / ٢٣٢٢ عن سعيد بن جبير. (٤) انظر: فيما سبق: ٢ / ١٤٧.