Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (8/53)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“That is what you are instructed to do”—that is, commanded to do. “And Allah is fully aware of what you do.”

“And whoever cannot find one must fast for two consecutive months before the two touch one another. And whoever is unable must feed sixty poor persons. That is so that you may believe in Allah and His Messenger. These are the limits set by Allah, and for the disbelievers there is a painful punishment.” (4)

“And whoever cannot find one,” meaning a slave, “must fast for two consecutive months before the two touch one another.” If he owns a slave but needs its service, or possesses the price of a slave but needs it for his own maintenance and that of his dependants, then he may move on to fasting. Malik and al-Awza‘i said: He is required to emancipate a slave if he possesses one or possesses its price, even if he needs it. Abu Hanifah said: If he possesses an actual slave, he must emancipate it even if he needs it; but if he possesses the price of a slave and needs it, then he may fast.

Thus, if one who has pronounced zihar begins the two-month fast and then has intercourse during the month at night, he disobeys Allah Most High by having intercourse before making expiation; however, he is not required to begin the two months anew. According to Abu Hanifah, he must begin the two months anew.

His saying, exalted is He: “And whoever is unable must feed sixty poor persons,” means that if one who has pronounced zihar is unable to fast due to illness, old age, or overwhelming sexual desire such that he cannot refrain from intercourse, he must feed sixty poor persons.

Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Fadl al-Kharaqi informed us; Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Taysafuni informed us; ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Umar al-Jawhari informed us; Ahmad ibn ‘Ali al-Kushmihani related to us; ‘Ali ibn Hujr related to us; Isma‘il ibn Ja‘far related to us, from Muhammad ibn Abi Harmalah, from ‘Ata’ ibn Yasar, that Khawlah bint Tha‘labah was the wife of Aws ibn al-Samit. He pronounced zihar against her, and he suffered from a touch of mental disorder. She came to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and said: “Aws has pronounced zihar against me,” and mentioned his condition. She then said: “By Him who sent you with the truth, I have come to you only out of mercy for him, for he has need of me.” Then the Quran was sent down concerning them both.

The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “Tell him to emancipate a slave.” She said: “By Him who sent you with the truth, he possesses neither a slave nor its price.” He said: “Tell him to fast for two consecutive months.” She said: “By Him who sent you with the truth, if you charged him with fasting for three days, he would not be able to do so.” He said: “Tell him to feed sixty poor persons.” She said: “By Him who sent you with the truth, he cannot afford it.” He said: “Tell him to go to so-and-so, son of so-and-so. I have been informed that he has half a measure of dates designated as charity. Let him take it as charity on his behalf, then give it in charity to sixty poor persons.” (1)

Sulayman ibn Yasar narrated from Salamah ibn Sakhr, who said: “I was a man of sexual vigor unlike that of other men. When the month of Ramadan began, I feared that I might do something with my wife, so I pronounced zihar against her until the month of Ramadan had ended. Then, one night while she was speaking with me, a part of her became uncovered before me, and before long I had intercourse with her. So I went to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and informed him. He said: ‘Was it you who did that?’ I said: ‘It was I’—he said this three times. I said: ‘It was I; here I am, so carry out Allah’s judgment concerning me, for I shall bear it patiently.’ He said: ‘Then emancipate a slave.’ I struck the side of my neck with my hand and said:

(1) Reported by al-Bayhaqi in al-Sunan, 7:389. A corroborating report is found in Musnad Ahmad, 6:410, and in Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:241. In al-Durr al-Manthur, 8:71, al-Suyuti additionally attributed it to Sa'id ibn Mansur and Ibn Mardawayh.

﴿ذَلِكُمْ تُوعَظُونَ بِهِ﴾ تُؤْمَرُونَ بِهِ ﴿وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ﴾ ﴿فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسَّا فَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَإِطْعَامُ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا ذَلِكَ لِتُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ وَلِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ (٤) ﴾ ﴿فَمَنْ لَمْ يَجِدْ﴾ يَعْنِي الرَّقَبَةَ ﴿فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يَتَمَاسَّا﴾ فَإِنْ كَانَتْ لَهُ رَقَبَةٌ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ مُحْتَاجٌ إِلَى خِدْمَتِهِ، أَوْ لَهُ ثَمَنُ رَقَبَةٍ لَكِنَّهُ مُحْتَاجٌ إِلَيْهِ لِنَفَقَتِهِ وَنَفَقَةِ عِيَالِهِ فَلَهُ أَنْ يَنْتَقِلَ إِلَى الصَّوْمِ. وَقَالَ مَالِكٌ وَالْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: يَلْزَمُهُ الْإِعْتَاقُ إِذَا كَانَ وَاجِدًا لِلرَّقَبَةِ أَوْ ثَمَنِهَا وَإِنْ كَانَ مُحْتَاجًا إِلَيْهِ. وَقَالَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ: إِنْ كَانَ وَاجِدًا لِعَيْنِ الرَّقَبَةِ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ إِعْتَاقُهَا وَإِنْ كَانَ مُحْتَاجًا إِلَيْهَا فَأَمَّا إِذَا كَانَ وَاجِدًا لِثَمَنِ الرَّقَبَةِ وَهُوَ مُحْتَاجٌ إِلَيْهِ فَلَهُ أَنْ يَصُومَ، فَلَوْ شَرَعَ الْمُظَاهِرُ فِي صَوْمِ شَهْرَيْنِ ثُمَّ جَامَعَ فِي خِلَالِ الشَّهْرِ بِاللَّيْلِ يَعْصِي اللَّهَ تَعَالَى بِتَقْدِيمِ الْجِمَاعِ عَلَى الْكَفَّارَةِ، وَلَكِنْ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ اسْتِئْنَافُ الشَّهْرَيْنِ، وَعِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ اسْتِئْنَافُ الشَّهْرَيْنِ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿فَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَطِعْ فَإِطْعَامُ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا﴾ يَعْنِي الْمُظَاهِرُ إِذَا لَمْ يَسْتَطِعِ الصَّوْمَ لِمَرَضٍ أَوْ كِبَرٍ أَوْ فَرْطِ شَهْوَةٍ وَلَا يَصْبِرُ عَنِ الْجِمَاعِ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ إِطْعَامُ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْفَضْلِ الْخَرَقِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الطَّيْسَفُونِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ الْكُشْمِيهَنِيُّ حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ حُجْرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي حَرْمَلَةَ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ أَنَّ خَوْلَةَ بِنْتَ ثَعْلَبَةَ كَانَتْ تَحْتَ أَوْسِ بْنِ الصَّامِتِ، فَظَاهَرَ مِنْهَا وَكَانَ بِهِ لَمَمٌ، فَجَاءَتْ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّ أَوْسًا ظَاهَرَ مِنِّي وَذَكَرَتْ أَنَّ بِهِ لَمَمًا فَقَالَتْ: وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ مَا جِئْتُكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لَهُ إِنَّ لَهُ فِيَّ مَنَافِعَ، فَأُنْزِلَ الْقُرْآنُ فِيهِمَا. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "مُرِيهِ فَلْيُعْتِقْ رَقَبَةً، قَالَتْ: وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ مَا عِنْدَهُ رَقَبَةٌ وَلَا ثَمَنُهَا قَالَ: مُرِيهِ فَلْيَصُمْ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ، فَقَالَتْ: وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ لَوْ كَلَّفْتَهُ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ مَا اسْتَطَاعَ، قَالَ: مُرِيهِ فَلْيُطْعِمْ سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا قَالَتْ: وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ مَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَيْهِ، قَالَ: مُرِيهِ فَلْيَذْهَبْ إِلَى فُلَانِ ابْنِ فُلَانٍ فَقَدْ أَخْبَرَنِي أَنَّ عِنْدَهُ شَطْرَ تَمْرٍ صَدَقَةً، فَلْيَأْخُذْهُ صَدَقَةً عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ لِيَتَصَدَّقْ بِهِ عَلَى سِتِّينَ مِسْكِينًا" (١) . وَرَوَى سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ يَسَارٍ عَنْ سَلَمَةَ بْنِ صَخْرٍ قَالَ: كُنْتُ امْرَأً أُصِيبُ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ مَا لَمْ يُصِبْ غَيْرِي فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ خِفْتُ أَنْ أُصِيبَ مِنَ امْرَأَتِي شَيْئًا فَظَاهَرْتُ مِنْهَا حَتَّى يَنْسَلِخَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ، فَبَيْنَمَا هِيَ تُحَدِّثُنِي ذَاتَ لَيْلَةٍ إِذْ تَكَشَّفَ لِي مِنْهَا شَيْءٌ فَلَمْ أَلْبَثْ أَنْ وَقَعْتُ عَلَيْهَا فَانْطَلَقْتُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ فَقَالَ: أَنْتَ بِذَاكَ، فَقُلْتُ: أَنَا بِذَاكَ -قَالَهُ ثَلَاثًا -قُلْتُ: أَنَا بِذَاكَ وَهَا أَنَا ذَا فَأَمْضِ فِيَّ حُكْمَ اللَّهِ، فَإِنِّي صَابِرٌ لِذَلِكَ، قَالَ: فَأَعْتِقْ رَقَبَةً. فَضَرَبْتُ صَفْحَةَ عُنُقِي بِيَدِي فَقُلْتُ:

(١) أخرجه البيهقي في السنن: ٧ / ٣٨٩ وله شاهد عند الإمام أحمد: ٦ / ٤١٠، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ٢٤١. وزاد السيوطي في الدر المنثور: ٨ / ٧١ عزوه لسعيد بن منصور وابن مردويه.