Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (7/348)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

And below the sub-clans are the afkhādh (branches), the singular being fakhidh, such as Banu Hashim and Umayyah, of Banu Lu’ayy. Then come the fasa’il (sub-branches) and the asha’ir (extended families), the singular of which are fasilah and ashirah. There is no further tribal subdivision below the ashirah.

It has also been said that the shu’ub are among the non-Arabs, the qaba’il are among the Arabs, and the asbat are among the Children of Israel.

Abu Rawq said: “The shu’ub are those who do not trace their lineage to any particular person, but rather ascribe themselves to cities and villages; whereas the qaba’il are the Arabs who trace their lineage to their forefathers.”

“So that you may come to know one another”: that some of you may know others through the nearness or remoteness of their lineage, not so that you may boast. Then He stated that the one of highest rank among them before Allah is the most God-fearing, saying:

“Surely the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.”

Qatadah said concerning this verse: “Indeed, the noblest form of nobility is piety, and the basest form of vileness is wickedness.”

Abu Bakr ibn Abi al-Haytham al-Turabi informed us; Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hamawayh informed us; Ibrahim ibn Khuzaym al-Shashi informed us; Abd ibn Humayd narrated to us; Yunus ibn Muhammad narrated to us; Salam ibn Abi Muti’ narrated to us, from Qatadah, from al-Hasan, from Samurah ibn Jundub, who said: The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “Worldly status lies in wealth, and true nobility lies in piety.” (1)

Ibn Abbas said: “The nobility of this world is wealth, while the nobility of the Hereafter is piety.”

Abu Bakr ibn Abi al-Haytham informed us; Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hamawayh informed us; Ibrahim ibn Khuzaym informed us; Abd ibn Humayd narrated to us; al-Dahhak ibn Makhlad informed us, from Musa ibn Ubaydah, from Abdullah ibn Dinar, from Ibn Umar: On the day of the Conquest, the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, circumambulated the Kaabah on his mount, touching its corners with his crook. When he came out, he found no place for his mount to kneel, so he dismounted with the help of the men. He then stood and addressed them, praising Allah and extolling Him, and said: “Praise be to Allah, who has removed from you the arrogant chauvinism of the Age of Ignorance and its pride in ancestry (2). People are of two kinds: a righteous, God-fearing person, honorable before Allah; and a wicked, wretched person, insignificant before Allah

(1) Reported by al-Tirmidhi in al-Tafsir (commentary on Surat al-Hujurat), 9:156-157. He said: “This is a sound, uncommon hadith, narrated from Samurah; we know it only through the narration of Salam ibn Abi Muti'.” It was also reported by Ibn Majah in al-Zuhd, chapter on wara' (scrupulousness) and taqwa (God-consciousness), no. 4219, 2:1410-1411; Ahmad, 5:10; al-Hakim, 2:163 and 4:325, who said: “This hadith is authentic according to the criteria of Muslim, though the two of them did not report it,” and al-Dhahabi agreed with him; al-Bayhaqi in al-Sunan, 7:136; and al-Daraqutni in al-Sunan, 3:302. Al-Daraqutni also records corroborating reports from Abu Hurayrah in the same place. See Irwa al-Ghalil, 6:271-272; Fath al-Bari, 9:135. (2) Omitted from manuscript B.

وَدُونَ الْبُطُونِ الْأَفْخَاذُ وَاحِدَتُهَا فَخِذٌ، وَهُمْ كَبَنِي هَاشِمٍ وَأُمَيَّةَ مِنْ بَنِي لُؤَيٍّ، ثُمَّ الْفَصَائِلُ، وَالْعَشَائِرُ وَاحِدَتُهَا فَصِيلَةٌ وَعَشِيرَةٌ، وَلَيْسَ بَعْدَ الْعَشِيرَةِ حَيٌّ يُوصَفُ بِهِ. وَقِيلَ: الشُّعُوبُ مِنَ الْعَجَمِ، وَالْقَبَائِلُ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ، وَالْأَسْبَاطُ مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ. وَقَالَ أَبُو رَوْقٍ: "الشُّعُوبُ" الَّذِينَ لَا يَعْتَزُّونَ إِلَى أَحَدٍ، بَلْ يَنْتَسِبُونَ إِلَى الْمَدَائِنِ وَالْقُرَى، "وَالْقَبَائِلُ": الْعَرَبُ الَّذِينَ يَنْتَسِبُونَ إِلَى آبَائِهِمْ. ﴿لِتَعَارَفُوا﴾ لِيَعْرِفَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا فِي قُرْبِ النَّسَبِ وَبُعْدِهِ، لَا لِيَتَفَاخَرُوا. ثُمَّ أَخْبَرَ أَنَّ أَرْفَعَهُمْ مَنْزِلَةً عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَاهُمْ فَقَالَ: ﴿إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَاكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ﴾ قَالَ قَتَادَةُ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ: إِنَّ أَكْرَمَ الْكَرَمِ التَّقْوَى، وَأَلْأَمُ اللُّؤْمِ الْفُجُورُ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي الْهَيْثَمِ التُّرَابِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَمَوَيْهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ خُزَيْمٍ الشَّاشِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا سَلَامُ بْنُ أَبِي مُطِيعٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ سَمُرَةَ بْنِ جُنْدُبٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "الْحَسَبُ الْمَالُ، وَالْكَرْمُ التَّقْوَى" (١) . وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: كَرَمُ الدُّنْيَا الْغِنَى، وَكَرَمُ الْآخِرَةِ التَّقْوَى. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي الْهَيْثَمِ، أَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَمَوَيْهِ، أَخْبَرَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ خُزَيْمٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ مَخْلَدٍ، عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ عُبَيْدَةَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ طَافَ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ عَلَى رَاحِلَتِهِ يَسْتَلِمُ الْأَرْكَانَ بِمِحْجَنِهِ، فَلَمَّا خَرَجَ لَمْ يَجِدْ مَنَاخًا، فَنَزَلَ عَلَى أَيْدِي الرِّجَالِ، ثُمَّ قَامَ فَخَطَبَهُمْ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، وَقَالَ: "الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَذْهَبَ عَنْكُمْ عُبِّيَّةَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَتَكَبُّرَهَا [بِآبَائِهَا] (٢) ، النَّاسُ رَجُلَانِ بَرٌّ تَقِيُّ كَرِيمٌ عَلَى اللَّهِ، وَفَاجِرٌ شَقِيٌّ هَيِّنٌ عَلَى اللَّهِ

(١) أخرجه الترمذي في التفسير (تفسير سورة الحجرات) ٩ / ١٥٦-١٥٧ وقال: "هذا حديث حسن غريب صحيح من حديث سمرة لا نعرفه إلا من حديث سلام بن أبي مطيع"، وابن ماجه في الزهد، باب الورع والتقوى، برقم (٤٢١٩) : ٢ / ١٤١٠-١٤١١، والإمام أحمد: ٥ / ١٠، والحاكم: ٢ / ١٦٣ و٤ / ٣٢٥ وقال: "هذا حديث صحيح على شرط مسلم ولم يخرجاه" ووافقه الذهبي، والبيهقي في السنن: ٧ / ١٣٦، والدارقطني في السنن: ٣ / ٣٠٢، وله شواهد عنده أيضًا عن أبي هريرة في الموضع نفسه. وانظر: إرواء\ الغليل: ٦ / ٢٧١-٢٧٢، فتح الباري: ٩ / ١٣٥. (٢) ساقط من "ب".