Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/269)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Allah Most High says: “Men have a degree above them.” Ibn Abbas said: “By virtue of the dower he has given her and the wealth he has spent on her.” Qatadah said: “By jihad.” It was also said: by reason, testimony, inheritance, blood money, divorce—because divorce lies in the hands of men—and the right to take one’s wife back. Sufyan and Zayd ibn Aslam said: “By authority.” Al-Qutaybi said: “Men have a degree above them” means that they have an advantage with respect to rights. “And Allah is Mighty, Wise.”

Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Salihi informed us; Abu Saʿid Muhammad ibn Musa al-Sayrafi informed us; Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Saffar informed us; Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Isa al-Birti informed us; Hudhayfah informed us; Sufyan informed us, from al-Aʿmash, from Abu Zibyan, that Muʿadh ibn Jabal went out on an expedition to which the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had sent him. When he returned, he saw men prostrating to one another. He mentioned this to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “If I were to command anyone to prostrate to another, I would command a woman to prostrate to her husband.” (1)

“Divorce is twice. Then either retain her in a fair manner or release her with good treatment. It is not lawful for you to take back anything of what you have given them, unless both fear that they cannot maintain the limits set by Allah. But if you fear that they cannot maintain the limits set by Allah, then there is no blame upon either of them concerning what she gives in exchange for her release. These are the limits set by Allah, so do not transgress them. Whoever transgresses the limits set by Allah—it is they who are the wrongdoers. (229) Then, if he divorces her, she is not lawful for him thereafter until she marries another husband. If he then divorces her, there is no blame upon either of them if they return to one another, provided they believe that they can maintain the limits set by Allah. These are the limits set by Allah, which He makes clear to people who know. (230)”

Allah Most High says: “Divorce is twice.” It is related from Urwah ibn al-Zubayr that he said: “In the beginning, people would divorce without any limit or number. A man would divorce his wife, and when her waiting period was nearing its end, he would take her back; then he would divorce her again in the same way and take her back, intending thereby to harm her. So this verse was revealed: ‘Divorce is twice’—that is, the revocable divorce after which a husband has the right to take his wife back is twice. If he divorces her three times, she is not lawful for him except after marriage to another husband.”

Allah Most High says: “Then either retain her in a fair manner.” It was said that by retaining her, He meant taking her back after the second divorce. The correct view is that what is meant is retaining her after taking her back; that is, if he takes her back after the second resumption, he must retain her in a fair manner. What is fair is all that

(1) Reported by Ibn Majah in The Book of Marriage, chapter: “A Husband’s Right over His Wife,” no. 1853, 1:595; and by Abu Dawud in The Book of Marriage, chapter: “Concerning a Husband’s Right over His Wife,” 3:67. Ibn Hibban also reported it in his Sahih, no. 1290, p. 314; and Ahmad, 4:381, from Abdullah ibn Abi Awfa; 5:228, from Muadh ibn Jabal; and 6:76, from Aishah, with a different wording. The compiler also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:158. Al-Haythami mentioned it in Majma al-Zawa'id, 4:309, saying: “Al-Bazzar reported it in full, and Ahmad in abridged form; its narrators are those of the Sahih.”

قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: بِمَا سَاقَ إِلَيْهَا مِنَ الْمَهْرِ وَأَنْفَقَ عَلَيْهَا مِنَ الْمَالِ، وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: بِالْجِهَادِ، وَقِيلَ بِالْعَقْلِ، وَقِيلَ بِالشَّهَادَةِ، وَقِيلَ بِالْمِيرَاثِ، وَقِيلَ بِالدِّيَةِ وَقِيلَ بِالطَّلَاقِ، لِأَنَّ الطَّلَاقَ بِيَدِ الرِّجَالِ، وَقِيلَ بِالرَّجْعَةِ، وَقَالَ سُفْيَانُ وَزَيْدُ بْنُ أَسْلَمَ: بِالْإِمَارَةِ وَقَالَ الْقُتَيْبِيُّ وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ مَعْنَاهُ فَضِيلَةٌ فِي الْحَقِّ ﴿وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ﴾ أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُوسَى الصَّيْرَفِيُّ أَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّفَّارُ أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عِيسَى الْبِرْتِيُّ أَنَا حُذَيْفَةُ أَنَا سُفْيَانُ عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ عَنْ أَبِي ظَبْيَانَ أَنَّ مُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ خَرَجَ فِي غَزَاةٍ بَعَثَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِيهَا ثُمَّ رَجَعَ فَرَأَى رِجَالًا يَسْجُدُ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ فَذَكَرَ ذَلِكَ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ "لَوْ أَمَرْتُ أَحَدًا أَنْ يَسْجُدَ لِأَحَدٍ لَأَمَرْتُ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْ تَسْجُدَ لِزَوْجِهَا" (١) . ﴿الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَسْرِيحٌ بِإِحْسَانٍ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَنْ يَخَافَا أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا وَمَنْ يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ (٢٢٩) فَإِنْ طَلَّقَهَا فَلَا تَحِلُّ لَهُ مِنْ بَعْدُ حَتَّى تَنْكِحَ زَوْجًا غَيْرَهُ فَإِنْ طَلَّقَهَا فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا أَنْ يَتَرَاجَعَا إِنْ ظَنَّا أَنْ يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ وَتِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ يُبَيِّنُهَا لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ (٢٣٠) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ﴾ رُوِيَ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ قَالَ: كَانَ النَّاسُ فِي الِابْتِدَاءِ يُطَلِّقُونَ مِنْ غَيْرِ حَصْرٍ وَلَا عِدَدٍ، وَكَانَ الرَّجُلُ يُطَلِّقُ امْرَأَتَهُ، فَإِذَا قَارَبَتِ انْقِضَاءَ عِدَّتِهَا رَاجَعَهَا ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا كَذَلِكَ ثُمَّ رَاجَعَهَا يَقْصِدُ مُضَارَّتَهَا فَنَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ ﴿الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ﴾ يَعْنِي الطَّلَاقَ الَّذِي يَمْلِكُ الرَّجْعَةَ عَقِيبَهُ مَرَّتَانِ، فَإِذَا طَلَّقَ ثَلَاثًا فَلَا تَحِلُّ لَهُ إِلَّا بَعْدَ نِكَاحِ زَوْجِ آخَرَ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ﴾ قِيلَ: أَرَادَ بِالْإِمْسَاكِ الرَّجْعَةَ بَعْدَ الثَّانِيَةِ، وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ مِنْهُ: الْإِمْسَاكُ بَعْدَ الرَّجْعَةِ، يَعْنِي إِذَا رَاجَعَهَا بَعْدَ الرَّجْعَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ فَعَلَيْهِ أَنْ يُمْسِكَهَا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَالْمَعْرُوفُ كُلُّ مَا

(١) رواه ابن ماجه: في النكاح: باب حق الزوج على المرأة برقم (١٨٥٣) ١ / ٥٩٥. وأبو داود: في النكاح: باب في حق الزوج على المرأة ٣ / ٦٧. وأخرجه ابن حبان في صحيحه برقم (١٢٩٠) ص ٣١٤ وأحمد: ٤ / ٣٨١، عن عبد الله بن أبي أوفى. ٥ / ٢٢٨ عن معاذ بن جبل ٦ / ٧٦ عن عائشة بلفظ آخر. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ١٥٨. وذكره الهيثمي في المجمع ٤ / ٣٠٩ وقال: رواه بتمامة البزار وأحمد باختصار ورجاله رجال الصحيح.