Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (7/341)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

against the other and refuses to respond to the judgment of Allah’s Book, then fight the one that transgresses until it returns—that is, goes back—“to Allah’s command,” as set forth in His Book. “But if it returns,” that is, returns to the truth, “then make peace between them with justice,” by requiring both parties to be fair and to accept Allah’s judgment. “And be equitable,” that is, act justly. “Surely Allah loves those who uphold justice.”

“Indeed, the believers are brothers, so reconcile your two brothers, and fear Allah, so that you may receive mercy.” (10)

“Indeed, the believers are brothers” in religion and mutual allegiance. “So reconcile your two brothers” when they differ and fight one another. Ya‘qub recited it, “between your brethren,” in the plural form. “And fear Allah”: do not disobey Him or go against His command, “so that you may receive mercy.”

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us (1); Abu Muhammad al-Husayn ibn Ahmad al-Mukhalidi informed us; Abu al-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Sarraj informed us; Qutaybah ibn Sa‘id narrated to us; al-Layth narrated to us, from ‘Uqayl, from al-Zuhri, from Salim, from his father, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “A Muslim is the brother of a Muslim: he does not wrong him or insult him. Whoever attends to his brother’s need, Allah will attend to his need. Whoever relieves a Muslim of a distress, Allah will relieve him thereby of one of the distresses of the Day of Resurrection. And whoever conceals a Muslim’s faults, Allah will conceal his faults on the Day of Resurrection.” (2)

These two verses prove that rebellion does not remove the designation of faith, for Allah, exalted is He, called them believing brothers despite their being rebels. This is supported by what was narrated from al-Harith al-A‘war: ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him—who is the exemplar—was asked concerning the fighting against the rebel group, namely the people of the Camel and of Siffin: “Are they polytheists?” He replied, “No; they fled from polytheism.” He was asked, “Are they hypocrites?” He replied, “No, for the hypocrites remember Allah only a little.” He was asked, “Then what is their condition?” He said, “They are our brothers who rebelled against us.” (3)

In the Sacred Law, a rebel is one who rises against the just imam. Thus, if a group possessing strength and defensive power gathers together, refuses to obey the just imam on the basis of a plausible interpretive justification, and appoints an imam, then the ruling concerning them is that the imam should send to them and summon them

(1) The text within parentheses is omitted in manuscript “A.” (2) Recorded by al-Bukhari in al-Mazalim (Wrongs), chapter: “A Muslim must neither wrong another Muslim nor forsake him,” 5:97; by Muslim in al-Birr wa al-Silah (Righteousness and Maintaining Ties), chapter: “The Prohibition of Injustice,” no. 2580, 4:1996; and by the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 13:98. (3) Muhammad ibn Nasr al-Marwazi recorded in his Tazim Qadr al-Salah, 2:543-544, three reports from Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, transmitted from him by Tariq ibn Shihab, Abu Wail, and Hakim ibn Jabir. See also Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah, 5:242-248; and al-Qurtubi, Tafsir, 16:323-324.

﴿عَلَى الْأُخْرَى﴾ وَأَبَتِ الْإِجَابَةَ إِلَى حُكْمِ كِتَابِ اللَّهِ، ﴿فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِي تَبْغِي حَتَّى تَفِيءَ﴾ تَرْجِعَ، ﴿إِلَى أَمْرِ اللَّهِ﴾ فِي كِتَابِهِ، ﴿فَإِنْ فَاءَتْ﴾ رَجَعَتْ إِلَى الْحَقِّ، ﴿فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا بِالْعَدْلِ﴾ بِحَمْلِهِمَا عَلَى الْإِنْصَافِ وَالرِّضَا بِحُكْمِ اللَّهِ، ﴿وَأَقْسِطُوا﴾ اعْدِلُوا، ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُقْسِطِينَ﴾ . ﴿إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَ أَخَوَيْكُمْ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ (١٠) ﴾ ﴿إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ﴾ فِي الدِّينِ وَالْوِلَايَةِ، ﴿فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَ أَخَوَيْكُمْ﴾ إِذَا اخْتَلَفَا وَاقْتَتَلَا قَرَأَ يَعْقُوبُ "بَيْنَ إِخْوَتِكُمْ" بِالتَّاءِ عَلَى الْجَمْعِ، ﴿وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ﴾ فَلَا تَعْصُوهُ وَلَا تُخَالِفُوا أَمْرَهُ، ﴿لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ﴾ . [أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَلِيحِيُّ] (١) ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمُخْلِدِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ السَّرَّاجُ، حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةَ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ عُقَيْلٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ سَالِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "الْمُسْلِمُ أَخُو الْمُسْلِمِ لَا يَظْلِمُهُ وَلَا يَشْتُمُهُ، مَنْ كَانَ فِي حَاجَةِ أَخِيهِ كَانَ اللَّهُ فِي حَاجَتِهِ، وَمَنْ فَرَّجَ عَنْ مُسْلِمٍ كُرْبَةً فَرَّجَ اللَّهُ بِهَا عَنْهُ كُرْبَةً مِنْ كُرَبِ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، وَمَنْ سَتَرَ مُسْلِمًا سَتَرَهُ اللَّهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ" (٢) . وَفِي هَاتَيْنِ الْآيَتَيْنِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ الْبَغْيَ لَا يُزِيلُ اسْمَ الْإِيمَانِ، لِأَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى سَمَّاهُمْ إِخْوَةً مُؤْمِنِينَ مَعَ كَوْنِهِمْ بَاغِينَ، يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ مَا رُوِيَ عَنِ الْحَارِثِ الْأَعْوَرِ أَنَّ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ﵁ سُئِلَ-وَهُوَ الْقُدْوَةُ-فِي قِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْبَغْيِ، عَنْ أَهْلِ الْجَمَلِ وَصِفِّينَ: أَمُشْرَكُونَ هُمْ؟ فَقَالَ: لَا مِنَ الشِّرْكِ فَرُّوا، فَقِيلَ: أَمُنَافِقُونَ هُمْ؟ فَقَالَ: لَا إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ لَا يَذْكُرُونَ اللَّهَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا قِيلَ: فَمَا حَالُهُمْ؟ قَالَ: إِخْوَانُنَا بَغَوْا عَلَيْنَا (٣) . وَالْبَاغِي فِي الشَّرْعِ هُوَ الْخَارِجُ عَلَى الْإِمَامِ الْعَدْلِ، فَإِذَا اجْتَمَعَتْ طَائِفَةٌ لَهُمْ قُوَّةٌ وَمَنَعَةٌ فَامْتَنَعُوا عَنْ طَاعَةِ الْإِمَامِ الْعَدْلِ بِتَأْوِيلٍ مُحْتَمَلٍ، وَنَصَّبُوا إِمَامًا فَالْحُكْمُ فِيهِمْ أَنْ يَبْعَثَ الْإِمَامُ إِلَيْهِمْ وَيَدْعُوَهُمْ

(١) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ". (٢) أخرجه البخاري في المظالم، باب لا يظلم المسلم المسلم ولا يسلمه: ٥ / ٩٧، ومسلم في البر والصلة باب تحريم الظلم برقم: (٢٥٨٠) : ٤ / ١٩٩٦، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٣ / ٩٨. (٣) أخرج محمد بن نصر المروزي في كتابه "تعظيم قدر الصلاة": ٢ / ٥٤٣-٥٤٤، آثارًا ثلاثة عن علي ﵁، رواها عنه: طارق بن شهاب، وأبو وائل، وحكيم بن جابر. وانظر: منهاج السنة النبوية لابن تيمية: ٥ / ٢٤٢-٢٤٨، تفسير القرطبي: ١٦ / ٣٢٣-٣٢٤.