Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (7/311)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

from Aishah, who said: “When Khaybar was conquered, we said, ‘Now we shall have our fill of dates.’” (1)

Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Na‘imi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il related to us; Ahmad ibn al-Miqdam related to us; Fudayl ibn Sulayman related to us; Musa ibn Uqbah related to us; Nafi‘ informed me, from Ibn Umar, that Umar ibn al-Khattab expelled the Jews and Christians from the land of the Hijaz.

When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, overcame the people of Khaybar, he intended to expel the Jews from it. At the time he gained control of it, the land belonged to Allah, His Messenger, and the Muslims. The Jews asked the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, to let them remain on the condition that they would undertake its cultivation and receive half of its produce. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “We shall permit you to remain on those terms for as long as we wish.” They remained there until Umar expelled them, during his caliphate, to Tayma and Ariha. (2)

Muhammad ibn Ishaq said: When the people of Fadak heard what the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, had done at Khaybar, they sent to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, asking him to allow them to depart and spare their lives, in return for leaving their property to him. He did so.

Then the people of Khaybar asked the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, to allow them to work the land in return for half its yield, and he agreed, on the condition that, whenever we wished, we could expel you. The people of Fadak made peace with him on the same terms. Thus, Khaybar belonged to the Muslims, while Fadak belonged exclusively to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, since they had not marched against it with cavalry or riding camels.

Once the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, had settled, Zaynab bint al-Harith, the wife of Salam ibn Mishkam, presented him with a roasted sheep. She had asked which part of the sheep was most beloved to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and was told that it was the foreleg. So she put an abundance of poison in it and poisoned the rest of the sheep as well. She then brought it to him.

When she placed it before the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, he took the foreleg and chewed a morsel of it, but could not swallow it. Bishr ibn al-Bara ibn Ma‘rur was with him, and he took some of it just as the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, had done. Bishr swallowed it, whereas the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, spat it out. Then he said, “This bone is telling me that it has been poisoned.” He then summoned her, and she confessed. He asked, “What led you to do this?” She replied, “You have done to my people what is not hidden from you. I said to myself: if he is a king, I shall be rid of him; but if he is a prophet, he will be informed.” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, pardoned her. Bishr ibn al-Bara died from the morsel that he had eaten.

He said: The mother of Bishr ibn al-Bara visited the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, during the illness in which he died, and he said:

(1) Recorded by al-Bukhari in the Book of Military Expeditions, chapter: “The Expedition of Khaybar,” 7:495. (2) Recorded by al-Bukhari in the Book of Khums, chapter: “What the Prophet gave to those whose hearts were reconciled and others from the khums and the like,” 6:252; by Muslim in the Book of Musaqah, chapter: “Sharecropping and cultivation in return for a portion of the fruit and crops,” no. 1551, 3:1187-1188; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 11:183-184.

عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ: لِمَا فُتِحَتْ خَيْبَرُ قُلْنَا: الْآنَ نَشْبَعُ مِنَ التَّمْرِ (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّعِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْمِقْدَامِ، حَدَّثَنَا فُضَيْلُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ، أَخْبَرَنِي نَافِعٌ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ أَجْلَى الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَى مِنْ أَرْضِ الْحِجَازِ، وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا ظَهَرَ عَلَى أَهْلِ خَيْبَرَ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُخْرِجَ الْيَهُودَ مِنْهَا، وَكَانَتِ الْأَرْضُ حِينَ ظَهَرَ عَلَيْهَا لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ وَلِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَسَأَلَ الْيَهُودُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ يَتْرُكَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْ يَكْفُوا الْعَمَلَ وَلَهُمْ نِصْفُ الثَّمَرِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "نُقِرُّكُمْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ مَا شِئْنَا". فَأَقَرُّوا حَتَّى أَجْلَاهُمْ عُمَرُ فِي إِمَارَتِهِ إِلَى تَيْمَاءَ وَأَرَيْحَاءَ (٢) . قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ أَهْلُ فَدَكٍ بِمَا صَنَعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِخَيْبَرَ بَعَثُوا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَسْأَلُونَهُ أَنْ يُسَيِّرَهُمْ وَيَحْقِنُ لَهُمْ دِمَاءَهُمْ، وَيُخَلُّوا لَهُ الْأَمْوَالَ، فَفَعَلَ. ثُمَّ إِنَّ أَهْلَ خَيْبَرَ سَأَلُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ يُعَامِلَهُمُ الْأَمْوَالَ عَلَى النِّصْفِ، فَفَعَلَ عَلَى أَنَّا إِذَا شِئْنَا أَخْرَجْنَاكُمْ، فَصَالِحَهُ أَهْلُ فَدَكٍ عَلَى مِثْلِ ذَلِكَ، فَكَانَتْ خَيْبَرُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَكَانَتْ فَدَكٌ خَالِصَةً لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، لِأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يَجْلِبُوا عَلَيْهَا بِخَيْلٍ وَلَا رِكَابٍ. فَلَمَّا اطْمَأَنَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَهْدَتْ لَهُ زَيْنَبُ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ امْرَأَةُ سَلَامِ بْنِ مِشْكَمٍ شَاةً مَصْلِيَّةً، وَقَدْ سَأَلَتْ أَيَّ عُضْوٍ مِنَ الشَّاةِ أَحَبُّ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ؟ فَقِيلَ لَهَا: الذِّرَاعُ، فَأَكْثَرَتْ فِيهَا السُّمَّ، وَسَمَّمَتْ سَائِرَ الشَّاةِ، ثُمَّ جَاءَتْ بِهَا فَلَمَّا وَضَعَتْهَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، تَنَاوُلَ الذِّرَاعَ فَأَخَذَهَا فَلَاكَ مِنْهَا مُضْغَةً فَلَمْ يَسُغْهَا، وَمَعَهُ بِشْرُ بْنُ الْبَرَاءِ بْنُ مَعْرُورٍ، وَقَدْ أَخَذَ مِنْهَا كَمَا أَخَذَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَأَمَّا بِشْرٌ فَأَسَاغَهَا، وَأَمَّا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَلَفِظَهَا، ثُمَّ قَالَ: "إِنَّ هَذَا الْعَظْمَ لِيُخْبِرُنِي أَنَّهُ مَسْمُومٌ"، ثُمَّ دَعَا بِهَا فَاعْتَرَفَتْ، فَقَالَ: "مَا حَمَلَكِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ؟ " قَالَتْ: بَلَغْتَ مِنْ قَوْمِي مَا لَمْ يَخْفَ عَلَيْكَ، فَقُلْتُ: إِنْ كَانَ مَلِكًا اسْتَرَحْتُ مِنْهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ نَبِيًّا فَسَيُخْبَرُ، فَتَجَاوَزَ عَنْهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَمَاتَ بِشْرُ بْنُ الْبَرَاءِ مِنْ أَكْلَتِهِ الَّتِي أَكَلَ. قَالَ: وَدَخَلَتْ أُمُّ بِشْرِ بْنِ الْبَرَاءِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ تَعُودُهُ فِي مَرَضِهِ الَّذِي تُوُفِّيَ فِيهِ، فَقَالَ:

(١) أخرجه البخاري في المغازي، باب غزوة خيبر: ٧ / ٤٩٥. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في فرض الخمس، باب: ما كان النبي ﷺ يعطي المؤلفة قلوبهم وغيرهم من الخمس ونحوه: ٦ / ٢٥٢، ومسلم في المساقاة، باب المساقاة والمعاملة بجزء من الثمر والزرع برقم: (١٥٥١) : ٣ / ١١٨٧-١١٨٨، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ١٨٣-١٨٤.