Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (7/300)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

to Salamah ibn al-Akwaʿ: “On what basis did you pledge allegiance to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, on the day of Hudaybiyyah?” He replied, “Upon death.” (1)

Ismaʿil ibn ʿAbd al-Qahir informed us; ʿAbd al-Ghafir ibn Muhammad informed us; Muhammad ibn ʿIsa al-Juludi informed us; Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn Sufyan related to us, from Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj; Yahya ibn Yahya related to us; Yazid ibn Zurayʿ related to us, from Khalid, from al-Hakam ibn ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Aʿraj, from Maʿqil ibn Yasar, who said: “I was present on the day of the Tree, while the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, was receiving the people’s pledges of allegiance. I was holding one of its branches above his head, and we were fourteen hundred. He said: ‘We did not pledge allegiance to him upon death; rather, we pledged allegiance not to flee.’” (2)

Abu ʿIsa said: The meaning of both hadiths is sound. One group pledged allegiance to him upon death—that is, that we would continue fighting before you until we were killed—while others pledged allegiance to him, saying, “We shall not flee.” (3)

“The Hand of Allah is over their hands.” Ibn ʿAbbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “The Hand of Allah, in faithfully fulfilling the good He promised them, is above their hands.”

Al-Suddi said: They would take the hand of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and pledge allegiance to him, while the Hand of Allah was above their hands in the act of pledging allegiance.

Al-Kalbi said: Allah’s favor upon them in guiding them surpasses what they did in giving the pledge. (4)

“Whoever breaks his pledge”—that is, violates the pledge of allegiance—“does so only to his own detriment”: its evil consequence rests upon him. “But whoever fulfills what he has pledged to Allah”—that is, remains steadfast in the pledge—“He will grant him.” The reciters of Iraq read “He will grant him” with the third-person pronoun, while the others read it with the first-person plural pronoun. “A tremendous reward”: namely, Paradise.

“The Bedouins who lagged behind will say to you, ‘Our wealth and our families kept us occupied, so ask forgiveness for us.’ They say with their tongues what is not in their hearts. Say: ‘Who, then, can avail you anything against Allah, if He wills harm for you or wills benefit for you?’ Rather, Allah is fully aware of what you do.” (11)

“The Bedouins who lagged behind will say to you.” Ibn ʿAbbas and Mujahid said: This refers to the Bedouins of Ghifar, Muzaynah, Juhaynah, Ashjaʿ, and Aslam. When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, set out for Mecca in the year of Hudaybiyyah to perform the lesser pilgrimage, he called upon the Bedouins and desert-dwellers around Medina to accompany him, fearing that Quraysh might confront him with war or bar him from the Sacred House. He entered the state of consecration for the lesser pilgrimage and brought sacrificial animals with him, so that the people would know that he did not intend war,

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Maghazi (Military Expeditions), chapter: The Expedition of al-Hudaybiyyah, 7:449. (2) Narrated by Muslim in al-Imarah (Leadership), chapter: The Recommendation that the Imam Take a Pledge from His Army When Intending to Fight, and an Explanation of the Pledge of al-Ridwan beneath the Tree, no. 1856, 3:1483. (3) Al-Tirmidhi, 5:218. (4) See al-Qurtubi, 26:267.

لِسَلَمَةَ بْنِ الْأَكْوَعِ: عَلَى أَيِّ شَيْءٍ بَايَعْتُمْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ؟ قَالَ: عَلَى الْمَوْتِ (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْقَاهِرِ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْغَافِرِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عِيسَى الْجُلُودِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سُفْيَانَ، عَنْ مُسْلِمِ بْنِ الْحَجَّاجِ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ يَحْيَى، حَدَّثَنَا يَزِيدُ بْنُ زُرَيْعٍ، عَنْ خَالِدٍ، عَنِ الْحَكَمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْأَعْرَجِ، عَنْ مَعْقِلِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، قَالَ: لَقَدْ رَأَيْتُنِي يَوْمَ الشَّجْرَةِ وَالنَّبِيُّ ﷺ يُبَايِعُ النَّاسَ، وَأَنَا رَافِعٌ غُصْنًا مِنْ أَغْصَانِهَا عَنْ رَأْسِهِ، وَنَحْنُ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ مِائَةٍ، قَالَ: لَمْ نُبَايِعْهُ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ وَلَكِنْ بَايَعْنَاهُ عَلَى أَنْ لَا نَفِرَّ (٢) . قَالَ أَبُو عِيسَى: مَعْنَى الْحَدِيثَيْنِ صَحِيحٌ بَايَعَهُ جَمَاعَةٌ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ، أَيْ لَا نَزَالُ نُقَاتِلُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْكَ مَا لَمْ نُقْتَلْ، وَبَايَعَهُ آخَرُونَ، وَقَالَوا: لَا نَفِرُّ (٣) . ﴿يَدُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: يَدُ اللَّهِ بِالْوَفَاءِ بِمَا وَعَدَهُمْ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ. وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: كَانُوا يَأْخُذُونَ بِيَدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَيُبَايِعُونَهُ، وَيَدُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَيْدِيهِمْ فِي الْمُبَايَعَةِ. قَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ: نِعْمَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي الْهِدَايَةِ فَوْقَ مَا صَنَعُوا مِنَ الْبَيْعَةِ (٤) . ﴿فَمَنْ نَكَثَ﴾ نَقَضَ الْبَيْعَةَ، ﴿فَإِنَّمَا يَنْكُثُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ﴾ عَلَيْهِ وَبَالُهُ، ﴿وَمَنْ أَوْفَى بِمَا عَاهَدَ عَلَيْهُ اللَّهَ﴾ ثَبَتَ عَلَى الْبَيْعَةِ، ﴿فَسَيُؤْتِيهِ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ "فَسَيُؤْتِيهِ" بِالْيَاءِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالنُّونِ، ﴿أَجْرًا عَظِيمًا﴾ وَهُوَ الْجَنَّةُ. ﴿سَيَقُولُ لَكَ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ شَغَلَتْنَا أَمْوَالُنَا وَأَهْلُونَا فَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَنَا يَقُولُونَ بِأَلْسِنَتِهِمْ مَا لَيْسَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ قُلْ فَمَنْ يَمْلِكُ لَكُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ شَيْئًا إِنْ أَرَادَ بِكُمْ ضَرًّا أَوْ أَرَادَ بِكُمْ نَفْعًا بَلْ كَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا (١١) ﴾ ﴿سَيَقُولُ لَكَ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، وَمُجَاهِدٌ: يَعْنِي أَعْرَابَ غِفَارٍ وَمُزَيْنَةَ وَجُهَيْنَةَ، وَأَشْجَعَ وَأَسْلَمَ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ أَرَادَ الْمَسِيرَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ عَامَ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ مُعْتَمِرًا اسْتَنْفَرَ مَنْ حَوْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ وَأَهْلِ الْبَوَادِي لِيَخْرُجُوا مَعَهُ حَذَرًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ أَنْ يَعْرِضُوا لَهُ بِحَرْبٍ، أَوْ يَصُدُّوهُ عَنِ الْبَيْتِ، فَأَحْرَمَ بِالْعُمْرَةِ وَسَاقَ مَعَهُ الْهَدْيَ لِيَعْلَمَ النَّاسُ أَنَّهُ لَا يُرِيدُ حَرْبًا،

(١) أخرجه البخاري في المغازي، باب غزوة الحديبية: ٧ / ٤٤٩. (٢) أخرجه مسلم في الإمارة، باب استحباب مبايعة الإمام لجيشه عند إرادة القتال، وبيان بيعة الرضوان تحت الشجرة برقم: (١٨٥٦) : ٣ / ١٤٨٣. (٣) الترمذي: ٥ / ٢١٨. (٤) انظر: القرطبي: ٢٦ / ٢٦٧.