Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/321)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

because Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Shurayhi reported to us; Abu Ishaq al-Tha‘labi reported to us; al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Hadithi reported to me; Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Ya‘qub al-Muqri’ reported to us; Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Sa‘idi reported to us; Harun ibn Muhammad ibn Bakkar ibn Bilal reported to us; his father reported to us; Sa‘id—that is, Ibn Bashir—reported to us, from Qatadah, from al-Hasan, from Abu Hurayrah, that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “I was the first of the prophets to be created and the last of them to be sent.” (1)

Qatadah said: This is indicated by Allah’s saying: “And when We took from the prophets their covenant, and from you, and from Noah”—for He began with him, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, before them.

“And We took from them a solemn covenant”: that is, a binding pledge that they would faithfully fulfill what they had been charged with.

“So that He may question the truthful about their truthfulness; and He has prepared for the disbelievers a painful punishment. O believers, remember Allah’s favor upon you when armies came against you, so We sent against them a wind and forces that you did not see. And Allah is All-Seeing of what you do.” (8–9)

“So that He may question the truthful about their truthfulness”: that is, We took their covenant [so that We might question the truthful—the prophets—about their conveying of] (2) the message. The wisdom in questioning them, despite His knowledge that they were truthful, is to rebuke those to whom they were sent.

It was also said: so that He may question the truthful concerning the deeds they performed for Allah. And it was said: so that He may question those who are truthful with their tongues concerning the truthfulness in their hearts. “And He has prepared for the disbelievers a painful punishment.”

Allah’s saying, “O believers, remember Allah’s favor upon you,” refers to the time when the Muslims, together with the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, were besieged during the days of the Trench. “When armies came against you” means the Confederates: Quraysh, Ghatfan, and the Jews of Qurayzah and al-Nadir. “So We sent against them a wind” refers to the east wind, al-Saba. Ikrimah said: On the night of the Confederates, the south wind said to the north wind, “Go forth, that we may aid the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.” The north wind replied, “A free woman does not travel by night.” The wind sent against them was the east wind, al-Saba. (4)

(1) Reported by al-Tabari, 21:125. Ibn Kathir attributed it in his Tafsir, 3:470, to Ibn Abi Hatim, and said: “Said ibn Bashir is weak. Said ibn Abi Arubah narrated it from Qatadah as mursal (with a missing link in the chain), which is more likely. Some also narrated it from Qatadah as mawquf (stopped at a Companion). Allah knows best.” (2) The text within the parentheses is omitted in manuscript A. (3) Manuscript B reads: bi-takdhib (denial). (4) See al-Qurtubi, 14:143-144.

أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الشُّرَيْحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الثَّعْلَبِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنِي الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْحَدِيثِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ الْمُقْرِئُ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ السَّاعِدِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا هَارُونُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ بِكَّارِ بْنِ بِلَالٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبِي، أَخْبَرَنَا سَعِيدُ -يَعْنِي ابْنَ بَشِيرٍ-عَنْ قَتَادَةَ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "كُنْتُ أَوَّلَ النَّبِيِّينَ فِي الْخَلْقِ وَآخِرَهُمْ فِي الْبَعْثِ" (١) . قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: وَذَلِكَ قَوْلُ اللَّهِ ﷿: ﴿وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِنَ النَّبِيِّينَ مِيثَاقَهُمْ وَمِنْكَ وَمِنْ نُوحٍ﴾ فَبَدَأَ بِهِ ﷺ قَبْلَهُمْ. ﴿وَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُمْ مِيثَاقًا غَلِيظًا﴾ عَهْدًا شَدِيدًا عَلَى الْوَفَاءِ بِمَا حُمِّلُوا. ﴿لِيَسْأَلَ الصَّادِقِينَ عَنْ صِدْقِهِمْ وَأَعَدَّ لِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا (٨) يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اذْكُرُوا نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذْ جَاءَتْكُمْ جُنُودٌ فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ رِيحًا وَجُنُودًا لَمْ تَرَوْهَا وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرًا (٩) ﴾ ﴿لِيَسْأَلَ الصَّادِقِينَ عَنْ صِدْقِهِمْ﴾ يَقُولُ: أَخَذْنَا مِيثَاقَهُمْ [لِكَيْ نَسْأَلَ الصَّادِقِينَ عَنْ صِدْقِهِمْ، يَعْنِي النَّبِيِّينَ عَنْ تَبْلِيغِهِمِ] (٢) الرِّسَالَةَ. وَالْحِكْمَةُ فِي سُؤَالِهِمْ، مَعَ عِلْمِهِ أَنَّهُمْ صَادِقُونَ، تَبْكِيتُ (٣) مَنْ أُرْسِلُوا إِلَيْهِمْ. وَقِيلَ: لِيَسْأَلَ الصَّادِقِينَ عَنْ عَمَلِهِمْ لِلَّهِ ﷿. وَقِيلَ: لِيَسْأَلَ الصَّادِقِينَ بِأَفْوَاهِهِمْ عَنْ صِدْقِهِمْ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ. ﴿وَأَعَدَّ لِلْكَافِرِينَ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اذْكُرُوا نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ﴾ وَذَلِكَ حِينَ حُوصِرَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَيَّامَ الْخَنْدَقِ، ﴿إِذْ جَاءَتْكُمْ جُنُودٌ﴾ يَعْنِي الْأَحْزَابَ، وَهُمْ قُرَيْشٌ، وَغَطَفَانُ، وَيَهُودُ قُرَيْظَةَ، وَالنَّضِيرِ، ﴿فَأَرْسَلْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ رِيحًا﴾ وَهِيَ الصَّبَا، قَالَ عِكْرِمَةُ: قَالَتِ الْجَنُوبُ لِلشَّمَالِ لَيْلَةَ الْأَحْزَابِ انْطَلِقِي نَنْصُرْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَتِ الشَّمَالُ إِنَّ الْحَرَّةَ لَا تَسْرِي بِاللَّيْلِ، وَكَانَتِ الرِّيحُ الَّتِي أُرْسِلَتْ عَلَيْهِمُ الصَّبَا (٤)

(١) أخرجه الطبري: ٢١ / ١٢٥، وعزاه ابن كثير في التفسير: ٣ / ٤٧٠ لابن أبي حاتم، وقال: (سعيد بن بشير فيه ضعف، وقد رواه سعيد بن أبي عروبة عن قتادة مرسلا، وهو أشبه، ورواه بعضهم عن قتادة موقوفا. والله أعلم) . (٢) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ". (٣) في "ب" بتكذيب. (٤) انظر: القرطبي: ١٤ / ١٤٣-١٤٤.