Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/320)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

had joined in brotherhood, and the Emigrants—meaning those related by kinship—are more entitled to inherit from one another than they are to inherit by reason of faith and emigration. Thus, this verse abrogated inheritance through brotherhood and emigration, and inheritance came to be based on kinship.

His saying, “unless you do some kindness to your allies,” means by “kindness” a bequest to those confederates with whom one had a mutual alliance. When Allah abrogated inheritance through alliance and emigration, He permitted a man to make a bequest, from up to one-third of his estate, to whomever among his allies he wished. (1)

Mujahid said: By “kindness” He meant giving support and safeguarding the inviolability due by virtue of faith and emigration.

It was also said that the verse affirms inheritance on the basis of faith and emigration; that is, those blood relatives who are among the believers and the Emigrants are more entitled to one another. In other words, there is no inheritance between a Muslim and a disbeliever, nor between an Emigrant and one who did not emigrate, unless you do some kindness to your allies—that is, unless you make a bequest of something to your relatives, even if they are not among the people of faith and emigration. This was the view of Qatadah, ‘Ata’, and ‘Ikrimah. (2)

“It has been inscribed in the Book”: that is, what I have mentioned—that blood relatives are more entitled to one another—has been inscribed and written in the Preserved Tablet. Al-Qurazi said: in the Torah.

(1) The text in parentheses is omitted in manuscript “B.” (2) Al-Tabari mentions these views, 21:124, then states, giving preference to one of them: “The soundest view in my opinion is that its meaning is: except that you show some kindness to your allies, those among the Muhajirun and Ansar between whom the Messenger of Allah established brotherhood with you—such as making a bequest to them, supporting them, paying blood money on their behalf, and the like. All of this is among the good deeds to which Allah has encouraged His servants. I chose this view and considered it sounder than the view of those who held that it refers to making a bequest to polytheist relatives, because a polytheist relative, even if related by blood, is not an ally. Polytheism severs the bond of allegiance between the believer and the polytheist, and Allah has forbidden believers to take them as allies, saying: ‘Do not take My enemy and your enemy as allies.’ It is not possible that He would forbid them from taking such people as allies and then describe them, exalted is He, as their allies.”

صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَيْنَهُمْ، ﴿وَالْمُهَاجِرِينَ﴾ يَعْنِي ذَوِي الْقَرَابَاتِ، بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِمِيرَاثِ بَعْضٍ مِنْ أَنْ يَرِثَ بِالْإِيمَانِ وَالْهِجْرَةِ، فَنَسَخَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ الْمُوَارَثَةَ بِالْمُؤَاخَاةِ وَالْهِجْرَةِ وَصَارَتْ بِالْقَرَابَةِ. قَوْلُهُ: ﴿إِلَّا أَنْ تَفْعَلُوا إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِكُمْ مَعْرُوفًا﴾ أَرَادَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ الْوَصِيَّةَ [لِلَّذِينِ يَتَوَلَّوْنَهُ مِنَ الْمُعَاقِدَيْنِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ لَمَّا نَسَخَ التَّوَارُثَ بِالْحَلِفِ وَالْهِجْرَةِ أَبَاحَ أَنْ يُوصِيَ الرَّجُلُ لِمَنْ يَتَوَلَّاهُ بِمَا أَحَبَّ مِنْ ثُلُثِهِ] (١) . وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: أَرَادَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ النُّصْرَةَ وَحِفْظَ الْحُرْمَةِ لِحَقِّ الْإِيمَانِ وَالْهِجْرَةِ. وَقِيلَ: أَرَادَ بِالْآيَةِ إِثْبَاتَ الْمِيرَاثِ بِالْإِيمَانِ وَالْهِجْرَةِ، يَعْنِي: وَأُولُوا الْأَرْحَامِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُهَاجِرِينَ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ، أَيْ: لَا تَوَارُثَ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِ وَالْكَافِرِ وَلَا بَيْنَ الْمُهَاجِرِ وَغَيْرِ الْمُهَاجِرِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَفْعَلُوا إِلَى أَوْلِيَائِكُمْ مَعْرُوفًا، أَيْ: إِلَّا أَنْ تُوصُوا لِذَوِي قَرَابَاتِكُمْ بِشَيْءٍ وَإِنْ كَانُوا مِنْ غَيْرِ أَهْلِ الْإِيمَانِ وَالْهِجْرَةِ، وَهَذَا قَوْلُ قَتَادَةَ وَعَطَاءٍ وَعِكْرِمَةَ (٢) . ﴿كَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْكِتَابِ مَسْطُورًا﴾ أَيْ: كَانَ الَّذِي ذَكَرْتُ مِنْ أَنَّ أُولِي الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي اللَّوْحِ الْمَحْفُوظِ مَسْطُورًا مَكْتُوبًا. وَقَالَ الْقُرَظِيُّ: فِي التَّوْرَاةِ.

(١) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب". (٢) ذكر هذه الأقوال الطبري: ٢١ / ١٢٤ ثم قال مرجحا: "وأولى الأقوال في ذلك عندي بالصواب أن يقال: معنى ذلك إلا أن تفعلوا إلى أوليائكم الذين كان رسول الله ﷺ آخى بينهم وبينكم من المهاجرين والأنصار، معروفا من الوصية لهم، والنصرة والعقل عنهم، وما أشبه ذلك، لأن كل ذلك من المعروف الذي حدث الله عليه عباده. وإنما اخترت هذا القول وقلت: هو أولى بالصواب من قيل من قال: عنى بذلك الوصية للقرابة من أهل الشرك، لأن القريب من المشرك، وإن كان ذا نسب فليس بالمولى، وذلك لأن الشرك يقطع ولاية ما بين المؤمن والمشرك وقد نهى الله المؤمنين أن يتخذوا منهم وليا بقول: "لا تتخذوا عدوي وعدوكم أولياء" وغير جائز أن ينهاهم عن اتخاذهم أولياء ثم يصفهم جل ثناؤه بأنهم هم أولياء) .