Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/319)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

It has also been said that when the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, set out for jihad, some people would say, “We shall go and seek permission from our fathers and mothers.” Then this verse was revealed.

‘Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn ‘Abdullah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad informed us; Abu ‘Amir informed us; Fulayh informed us from Hilal ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi ‘Amrah, from Abu Hurayrah, that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “There is no believer except that I have greater right over him in this world and the Hereafter. Read, if you wish: ‘The Prophet is more entitled to the believers than they are to themselves.’ Thus, whichever believer dies leaving property, let his agnatic heirs inherit it; and whoever leaves behind a debt or dependents, let him come to me, for I am his guardian.” (1)

His saying, exalted is He, “And his wives are their mothers”: in Ubayy’s recitation, it reads, “And his wives are their mothers, and he is a father to them.” They are the mothers of the believers in the reverence due to them and in the permanent prohibition of marrying them, but not with regard to looking at them or being in seclusion with them; for this is forbidden in their case just as it is in the case of unrelated women. Allah, exalted is He, says: “And when you ask them for something, ask them from behind a partition.” (al-Ahzab 33:53) Nor are their daughters called the sisters of the believers, nor are their brothers and sisters called the maternal uncles and maternal aunts of the believers. (2)

Al-Shafi‘i said: Al-Zubayr married Asma’, the daughter of Abu Bakr, who was the sister of one of the Mothers of the Believers, yet it was not said that she was the maternal aunt of the believers. (3)

They differed over whether the wives of the Prophet were also mothers to believing women. It was said that they were mothers to both the believing men and women alike.

It was also said that they were mothers to the believing men, excluding the women. Al-Sha‘bi narrated from Masruq that a woman said to ‘A’ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, “O mother!” She replied, “I am not your mother; I am only the mother of your men.” (4) This clarifies that what is meant by this motherhood is the prohibition of marrying them.

His saying, exalted is He, “Those related by blood are more entitled to one another in the Book of Allah,” means with regard to inheritance. Qatadah said: The Muslims used to inherit from one another on account of emigration. Al-Kalbi said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, established bonds of brotherhood among the people, pairing two men as brothers; when one of them died, the other would inherit from him to the exclusion of his agnatic heirs, until this verse was revealed: “Those related by blood are more entitled to one another in the Book of Allah.” (5) ⦗76/A⦘ That is, in the judgment of Allah, “than the believers”—those among whom the Messenger of Allah

(1) Recorded by al-Bukhari in al-Istiqrad (Loans), in the chapter “Praying over one who leaves a debt,” 5:61; by Muslim in al-Fara'id (Inheritance), in the chapter “Whoever leaves wealth, it belongs to his heirs,” no. 1619, 3:1238, with similar wording; and by the author in Sharh al-Sunnah, 8:324. (2) See al-Qurtubi, 14:123. (3) See al-Qurtubi, 14:123. (4) Al-Suyuti attributed it in al-Durr al-Manthur, 6:567, to Ibn Sa'd, Ibn al-Mundhir, and al-Bayhaqi in his Sunan. See also al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 132. (5) See Ibn Kathir, al-Tafsir, 3:469; al-Qurtubi, 14:123-124.

وَقِيلَ: كَانَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَخْرُجُ إِلَى الْجِهَادِ فَيَقُولُ قَوْمٌ: نَذْهَبُ فَنَسْتَأْذِنُ مِنْ آبَائِنَا وَأُمَّهَاتِنَا، فَنَزَلَتِ الْآيَةُ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الواحد عبد الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّعِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَامِرٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا فُلَيْحٌ، عَنْ هِلَالِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي عَمْرَةَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: "مَا مِنْ مُؤْمِنٍ إِلَّا أَنَا أَوْلَى بِهِ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ"، اقْرَأُوا إِنْ شِئْتُمْ ﴿النَّبِيُّ أَوْلَى بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْ أَنْفُسِهِمْ﴾ فَأَيُّمَا مُؤْمِنٍ مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ مَالًا فَلْيَرِثْهُ عَصَبَتُهُ، وَمَنْ تَرَكَ دَيْنًا أَوْ ضَيَاعًا فَلْيَأْتِنِي فَأَنَا مَوْلَاهُ" (١) . قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَأَزْوَاجُهُ أُمَّهَاتُهُمْ﴾ وَفِي حَرْفِ أُبَيٍّ: "وَأَزْوَاجُهُ وَأُمَّهَاتُهُمْ وَهُوَ أَبٌ لَهُمْ" وَهُنَّ أُمَّهَاتُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي تَعْظِيمِ حَقِّهِنَّ وَتَحْرِيمِ نكاحهن على التأييد، لَا فِي النَّظَرِ إِلَيْهِنَّ وَالْخَلْوَةِ بِهِنَّ، فَإِنَّهُ حَرَامٌ فِي حَقِّهِنَّ كَمَا فِي حَقِّ الْأَجَانِبِ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: "وَإِذَا سَأَلْتُمُوهُنَّ مَتَاعًا فَاسْأَلُوهُنَّ مِنْ وَرَاءِ حِجَابٍ" (الْأَحْزَابِ-٥٣) ، وَلَا يُقَالُ لِبَنَاتِهِنَّ هُنَّ أَخَوَاتُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَلَا لِأِخْوَانِهِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتِهِنَّ هُمْ أَخْوَالُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَخَالَاتُهُمْ (٢) . قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: تَزَوَّجَ الزُّبَيْرُ أَسْمَاءَ بِنْتَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَهِيَ أُخْتُ أُمِّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلَمْ يَقُلْ هِيَ خَالَةُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (٣) . وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَنَّهُنَّ هَلْ كُنَّ أُمَّهَاتِ النِّسَاءِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ؟ قِيلَ: كُنْ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُؤْمِنَاتِ جَمِيعًا. وَقِيلَ كُنْ أُمَّهَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ دُونَ النِّسَاءِ، رَوَى الشَّعْبِيُّ عَنْ مَسْرُوقٍ أَنَّ امْرَأَةً قَالَتْ لِعَائِشَةَ ﵂: قَالَتْ يَا أُمَّهْ! فَقَالَتْ لَسْتُ لَكِ بِأُمٍّ إِنَّمَا أَنَا أَمُّ رِجَالِكُمْ (٤) فَبَانَ بِهَذَا مَعْنَى هَذِهِ الْأُمُومَةِ تَحْرِيمُ نِكَاحِهِنَّ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَأُولُو الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ﴾ يَعْنِي: فِي الْمِيرَاثِ، قَالَ قَتَادَةُ: كَانَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ يَتَوَارَثُونَ بِالْهِجْرَةِ. قَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ: آخَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ، فَكَانَ يُؤَاخِي بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ فَإِذَا مَاتَ أَحَدُهُمَا وَرِثَهُ الْآخَرُ دُونَ عَصَبَتِهِ، حَتَّى نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ: ﴿وَأُولُو الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ﴾ (٥) ٧٦/أفِي حُكْمِ اللَّهِ، ﴿مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ﴾ الَّذِينَ آخَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الاستقراض، باب: الصلاة على من ترك دَينًا ٥ / ٦١، ومسلم في الفرائض، باب: من ترك مالا فلورثته برقم: (١٦١٩) ٣ / ١٢٣٨ بمعناه، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٨ / ٣٢٤. (٢) انظر القرطبي: ١٤ / ١٢٣. (٣) انظر القرطبي: ١٤ / ١٢٣. (٤) عزاه السيوطي في الدر المنثور: ٦ / ٥٦٧ لابن سعد وابن المنذر والبيهقي في سننه، وانظر الكافي الشاف ص ١٣٢. (٥) انظر: ابن كثير في التفسير: ٣ / ٤٦٩، القرطبي: ١٤ / ١٢٣-١٢٤.