Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/317)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Nor has He made your wives, whom you declare to be like your mothers, your mothers.” The Syrian and Kufan reciters read the relevant word here and in Surat al-Talaq with a ya following the hamza. Qalun, transmitting from Nafi‘, and Ya‘qub read it without a ya following the hamza, while the other reciters softened the hamza. All of these are established dialectal forms.

Regarding “whom you declare to be like your mothers,” ‘Asim recited it with a long a vowel, an u-vowel on the initial t, and an i-vowel (1) on the h, without gemination. Hamzah and al-Kisa’i recited it with an a-vowel on both the initial t and the h, without gemination. (2) Ibn ‘Amir recited it with an a-vowel and with the z geminated, while the other reciters recited it with an a-vowel and with both the z and h geminated, without a long a vowel between them.

The formula of zihār is for a man to say to his wife, “You are to me like my mother’s back.” Allah, exalted is He, says: He has not made your wives, to whom you say this in declaring them forbidden to yourselves, like your mothers. Rather, it is a reprehensible and false statement, and it entails an expiation, which we shall mention, if Allah wills, (3) in Surat al-Mujadalah.

“Nor has He made your adopted sons your sons”: that is, those whom you have adopted. This abrogates legal adoption. In the pre-Islamic period, a man would adopt another man and treat him like a naturally born son: people would attribute him to the adoptive father, and he would inherit his estate. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, freed Zayd ibn Harithah ibn Sharahil al-Kalbi and adopted him before the Revelation. He also established a bond of brotherhood between him and Hamzah ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib. Then, when the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, married Zaynab bint Jahsh, who had previously been married to Zayd ibn Harithah, the hypocrites said, “Muhammad has married the wife of his son, while forbidding people to do so.” Thereupon Allah revealed this verse and abrogated legal adoption. (4)

“These are merely words you utter with your mouths”: they have no reality. This refers to their saying, “Zayd ibn Muhammad,” peace and blessings be upon him, and to their claim of a lineage that has no reality. “Allah speaks the truth”: that is, His speech is the truth. “And He guides to the way”: that is, He directs to the path of truth.

“Call them by the names of their fathers; that is more just in the sight of Allah. But if you do not know who their fathers are, then they are your brothers in faith and those under your care. There is no blame on you for what you do by mistake, but only for what your hearts deliberately intend. And Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful. (5)”

“Call them by the names of their fathers,” who begot them; “that is more just,” more equitable, “in the sight of Allah.” ‘Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn ‘Abdullah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; Mu‘alla ibn Asad informed us; ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn al-Mukhtar informed us; Musa ibn ‘Uqbah informed us; Salim narrated to me from ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Umar that Zayd ibn Harithah, the freedman of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “We used to call him only Zayd ibn Muhammad until the Quran was revealed.” (5)

(1) Omitted from manuscript "A". (2) The text within the brackets is omitted from manuscript "A". (3) The text within the parentheses is omitted from manuscript "A". (4) Al-Wahidi mentions it in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 408, without an isnad. (5) Recorded by al-Bukhari in the commentary on Surat al-Ahzab, under the chapter heading: “Call them by their fathers; that is more equitable in the sight of Allah,” 8:517; and by Muslim in Fada'il al-Sahabah, in the chapter on the virtues of Zayd ibn Harithah, no. 2425, 4:1884.

﴿وَمَا جَعَلَ أَزْوَاجَكُمُ اللَّائِي تُظَاهِرُونَ مِنْهُنَّ أُمَّهَاتِكُمْ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الشام والكوفة: "اللاتي" ها هنا وَفِي سُورَةِ الطَّلَاقِ بِيَاءٍ بَعْدَ الْهَمْزَةِ، وَقَرَأَ قَالُونُ عَنْ نَافِعٍ وَيَعْقُوبَ بِغَيْرِ يَاءٍ بَعْدَ الْهَمْزَةِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِتَلْيِينِ الْهَمْزَةِ، وَكُلُّهَا لُغَاتٌ مَعْرُوفَةٌ، "تُظَاهِرُونَ" قَرَأَ عَاصِمٌ بِالْأَلِفِ وَضَمِّ التَّاءِ وَكَسْرِ (١) الْهَاءِ مُخَفَّفًا، [وَقَرَأَ حَمْزَةُ وَالْكِسَائِيُّ بِفَتْحِ التَّاءِ وَالْهَاءِ مُخَفَّفًا] (٢) وَقَرَأَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ بِفَتْحِهَا وَتَشْدِيدِ الظَّاءِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِفَتْحِهَا وَتَشْدِيدِ الظَّاءِ وَالْهَاءِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَلْفٍ بَيْنَهُمَا. وَصُورَةُ الظِّهَارِ: أَنْ يَقُولَ الرَّجُلُ لِامْرَأَتِهِ: أَنْتَ عَلَيَّ كَظَهْرِ أُمِّي. يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: مَا جَعَلَ نِسَاءَكُمُ اللَّائِي تَقُولُونَ لَهُنَّ هَذَا فِي التَّحْرِيمِ كَأُمَّهَاتِكُمْ، وَلَكِنَّهُ مُنْكَرٌ وَزُورٌ، وَفِيهِ كَفَّارَةٌ نَذْكُرُهَا [إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى] (٣) فِي سُورَةِ الْمُجَادَلَةِ. ﴿وَمَا جَعَلَ أَدْعِيَاءَكُمْ﴾ يَعْنِي: مَنْ تَبَنَّيْتُمُوهُ ﴿أَبْنَاءَكُمْ﴾ فِيهِ نَسْخُ التَّبَنِّي، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ كَانَ يَتَبَنَّى الرَّجُلَ فَيَجْعَلُهُ كَالِابْنِ الْمَوْلُودِ لَهُ، يَدْعُوهُ النَّاسُ إِلَيْهِ، وَيَرِثُ مِيرَاثَهُ، وَكَانَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَعْتَقَ زَيْدَ بْنَ حَارِثَةَ بْنِ شَرَاحِيلَ الْكَلْبِيَّ، وَتَبَنَّاهُ قَبْلَ الْوَحْيِ، وَآخَى بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ حَمْزَةَ بْنِ عَبَدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ، فَلَمَّا تَزَوَّجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ زَيْنَبَ بِنْتَ جَحْشٍ وَكَانَتْ تَحْتَ زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ، قَالَ الْمُنَافِقُونَ تَزَوَّجَ مُحَمَّدٌ امْرَأَةَ ابْنِهِ وَهُوَ يَنْهَى النَّاسَ عَنْ ذَلِكَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ وَنَسَخَ التَّبَنِّي (٤) ﴿ذَلِكُمْ قَوْلُكُمْ بِأَفْوَاهِكُمْ﴾ لَا حَقِيقَةَ لَهُ يَعْنِي قَوْلَهُمْ زَيْدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ وَادِّعَاءُ نَسَبٍ لَا حَقِيقَةَ لَهُ، ﴿وَاللَّهُ يَقُولُ الْحَقَّ﴾ أَيْ: قَوْلُهُ الْحَقُّ، ﴿وَهُوَ يَهْدِي السَّبِيلَ﴾ أَيْ: يُرْشِدُ إِلَى سَبِيلِ الْحَقِّ. ﴿ادْعُوهُمْ لِآبَائِهِمْ هُوَ أَقْسَطُ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَعْلَمُوا آبَاءَهُمْ فَإِخْوَانُكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَمَوَالِيكُمْ وَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ فِيمَا أَخْطَأْتُمْ بِهِ وَلَكِنْ مَا تَعَمَّدَتْ قُلُوبُكُمْ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا (٥) ﴾ ﴿ادْعُوهُمْ لِآبَائِهِمُ﴾ الَّذِينَ وَلَدُوهُمْ، ﴿هُوَ أَقْسَطُ﴾ أَعْدَلُ، ﴿عِنْدَ اللَّهِ﴾ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّعِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُعَلَّى بْنُ أَسَدٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ الْمُخْتَارِ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ، حَدَّثَنِي سَالِمٌ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ زَيْدَ بْنَ حَارِثَةَ مَوْلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: مَا كُنَّا نَدْعُوهُ إِلَّا زَيْدَ بْنَ مُحَمَّدٍ حَتَّى نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ (٥) .

(١) ساقط من "أ". (٢) ما بين الأقواس ساقط من "أ". (٣) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "أ". (٤) ذكره الواحدي في أسباب النزول ص ٤٠٨ دون إسناد. (٥) أخرجه البخاري في تفسير سورة الأحزاب، باب: " ادعوهم لآبائهم هو أقسط عند الله" ٨ / ٥١٧، ومسلم في فضائل الصحابة باب: فضائل زيد بن حارثة برقم: (٢٤٢٥) ٤ / ١٨٨٤.