Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/312)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Surah al-Ahzab, revealed in Madinah. (1)

In the name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.

“O Prophet, fear Allah, and do not obey the disbelievers and the hypocrites. Surely Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.” (1)

“O Prophet, fear Allah”: This was revealed concerning Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Abu al-Awar, and Amr ibn Sufyan al-Sulami. After the Battle of Uhud, they came to Madinah and lodged with Abdullah ibn Ubayy [ibn Salul, the leader of the hypocrites]. (2) The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had granted them safe-conduct so that they could speak with him. Abdullah ibn Sad ibn Abi Sarh and Tumah ibn Ubayriq joined them, and they said to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, while Umar ibn al-Khattab was with him: “Renounce all mention of our gods—al-Lat, al-Uzza, and Manat—and say that they intercede for those who worship them, and we will leave you and your Lord alone.”

Their words distressed the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Umar said, “O Messenger of Allah, permit us to kill them.” He replied, “I have granted them safe-conduct.” Umar then said, “Depart under the curse and wrath of Allah!” The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, commanded Umar to expel them from Madinah, and Allah Most High revealed:

“O Prophet, fear Allah” (3)—that is, remain steadfast in taqwa (fear of Allah). It is like one person saying to another who is already standing, “Stand here,” meaning: remain standing.

It was also said that the address is directed to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, while what is intended is the Muslim community. (4) Al-Dahhak said: Its meaning is: Fear Allah and do not break the covenant between you and them.

(1) Al-Nahhas states in Ma'ani al-Quran al-Karim, p. 317: “Ibn Abbas said: It is Madinan.” Al-Suyuti also attributes this report in al-Durr al-Manthur, 6:558, to Ibn al-Durays, Ibn Mardawayh, and al-Bayhaqi in al-Dala'il. (2) The text within parentheses is omitted in manuscript “B.” (3) Al-Wahidi mentions this in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 407, without an isnad. Al-Qurtubi relates it, 14:114, using a non-definitive wording, from al-Wahidi, al-Qushayri, al-Tha'labi, al-Mawardi, and others. See also al-Farra', Ma'ani al-Quran, 2:334. (4) See: al-Bahr al-Muhit, 7:210; Zad al-Masir, 6:348.

سُورَةُ الْأَحْزَابِ مَدَنِيَّةٌ (١) بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ اتَّقِ اللَّهَ وَلَا تُطِعِ الْكَافِرِينَ وَالْمُنَافِقِينَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا (١) ﴾ ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ اتَّقِ اللَّهَ﴾ نَزَلَتْ فِي أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بْنِ حَرْبٍ، وَعِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَأَبِي الْأَعْوَرِ وَعَمْرِو بْنِ سُفْيَانَ السُّلَمِيِّ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُمْ قَدِمُوا الْمَدِينَةَ فَنَزَلُوا عَلَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيِّ [بْنِ سَلُولٍ رَأْسِ الْمُنَافِقِينَ] (٢) بَعْدَ قِتَالِ أُحُدٍ، وَقَدْ أَعْطَاهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْأَمَانَ عَلَى أَنْ يُكَلِّمُوهُ، فَقَامَ مَعَهُمْ عَبْدُ اللَّهُ بْنُ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ، وَطُعْمَةُ بْنُ أُبَيْرِقٍ، فَقَالُوا لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَعِنْدَهُ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ: ارْفُضْ ذِكْرَ آلِهَتِنَا، اللَّاتِ وَالْعُزَّى وَمَنَاةَ، وَقُلْ: إِنَّ لَهَا شَفَاعَةٌ لِمَنْ عَبَدَهَا، وَنَدَعُكَ وَرَبَّكَ، فَشَقَّ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَوْلُهُمْ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ائْذَنْ لَنَا فِي قَتْلِهِمْ، فَقَالَ: إِنِّي قَدْ أَعْطَيْتُهُمُ الْأَمَانَ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: اخْرُجُوا فِي لَعْنَةِ اللَّهِ وَغَضَبِهِ، فَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عُمَرَ أَنْ يُخْرِجَهُمْ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ اتَّقِ اللَّهَ﴾ (٣) أَيْ: دُمْ عَلَى التَّقْوَى، كَالرَّجُلِ يَقُولُ لِغَيْرِهِ وَهُوَ قائم: قم ها هنا، أَيِ: اثْبُتْ قَائِمًا. وَقِيلَ الْخِطَابُ مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ الْأُمَّةُ (٤) .وَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ: مَعْنَاهُ اتَّقِ اللَّهَ وَلَا تَنْقُضِ الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُمْ.

(١) قال النحاس في معاني القرآن الكريم ص ٣١٧ (قال ابن عباس: وهي مدنية) ، وعزاه السيوطي في الدر المنثور: ٦ / ٥٥٨ أيضا لابن الضريس، وابن مردويه والبيهقي في الدلائل. (٢) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب". (٣) ذكر ذلك الواحدي في أسباب النزول ص ٤٠٧ دون إسناد، ونقله القرطبي: ١٤ / ١١٤ بصيغة التمريض عن الواحدي والقشيري والثعلبي والماوردي وغيرهم، وانظر معاني القرآن للفراء: ٢ / ٣٣٤. (٤) انظر: البحر المحيط ٧ / ٢١٠، زاد المسير: ٦ / ٣٤٨.