Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/232)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said: By “people” He meant those who believed in Mecca: Salamah ibn Hisham, Ayyash ibn Rabi'ah, al-Walid ibn al-Walid, Ammar ibn Yasir, and others. Ibn Jurayj said: It was revealed concerning Ammar ibn Yasir, who was being tortured for the sake of Allah (1).

Muqatil said: It was revealed concerning Mihja' ibn Abd Allah, the freedman of Umar. He was the first Muslim to be killed on the day of Badr. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Mihja' is the leader of the martyrs, and he is the first member of this community who will be called to the gate of Paradise.” His parents and his wife were overcome with grief, so Allah revealed this verse concerning them (2).

It was also said that the meaning of “and will not be tested” is: tested through commands and prohibitions. This is because Allah Most High initially commanded them only to believe; then He made prayer, zakah, and the rest of the religious laws obligatory upon them. This was difficult for some of them, so Allah revealed this verse. He then consoled them, saying: “And We certainly tested those before them.”

“And We certainly tested those before them. So Allah will surely make evident those who are truthful, and He will surely make evident those who are liars. (3) Or do those who commit evil deeds think that they can outrun Us? Evil is their judgment! (4)”

“And We certainly tested those before them” means the prophets and the believers. Some of them were sawed apart with saws, while others were killed. The Children of Israel were tested through Pharaoh, who subjected them to the worst torment. 66/b “So Allah will surely make evident those who are truthful”—that is, truthful in their statement, “We believe”—“and He will surely make evident those who are liars.” Yet Allah knew them before the test. The meaning of the verse is that Allah will surely make the truthful distinct from the liars, until what He knew would occur comes to pass. Muqatil said: Allah will surely see. It was also said: Allah will surely distinguish them, as in His saying: “so that Allah may distinguish the wicked from the good” (al-Anfal 38).

“Or do those who commit evil deeds”—meaning polytheism—“think that they can outrun Us,” that is, evade and escape Us, so that We are unable to take vengeance upon them? “Evil is their judgment”: How evil was the judgment they made when they imagined this.

(1) Reported by Ibn al-Mundhir from Ibn Jurayj, from Ibn Umayr and others. It was also reported by Ibn Sad, Ibn Jarir, Ibn Abi Hatim, and Ibn Asakir. See al-Durr al-Manthur, 6:450; Zad al-Masir, 6:254. (2) Al-Wahidi cited it in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 393. Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar said in al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 127: “Al-Tha'labi mentioned it on the authority of Muqatil...” He then said: “Its chain to Muqatil appears at the beginning of his book. In al-Dalail by Ibn Abi Shaybah, through al-Qasim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah ibn Masud, it is reported that he said: ‘The first person martyred on the Day of Badr was Mahja, the freedman of Umar.’”

وَكَانَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ قَالَ: أَرَادَ بِالنَّاسِ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِمَكَّةَ: سَلَمَةَ بْنَ هِشَامٍ، وَعَيَّاشَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ، وَالْوَلِيدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ وَعَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ وَغَيْرَهُمْ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ جُرَيْجٍ: نَزَلَتْ فِي عَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ، كَانَ يُعَذَّبُ فِي اللَّهِ ﷿ (١) . وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: نَزَلَتْ فِي مِهْجَعِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مَوْلَى عُمَرَ، كَانَ أَوَّلَ قَتِيلٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "سَيِّدُ الشُّهَدَاءِ مِهْجَعٌ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ يُدْعَى إِلَى بَابِ الْجَنَّةِ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ"، فَجَزِعَ أَبَوَاهُ وَامْرَأَتُهُ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِمْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ (٢) . وَقِيلَ: "وَهُمْ لَا يُفْتَنُونَ" بِالْأَوَامِرِ وَالنَّوَاهِي، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى أَمَرَهُمْ فِي الِابْتِدَاءِ بِمُجَرَّدِ الْإِيمَانِ، ثُمَّ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمُ الصَّلَاةَ، وَالزَّكَاةَ، وَسَائِرَ الشَّرَائِعِ، فَشَقَّ عَلَى بَعْضِهِمْ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ، ثُمَّ عَزَّاهُمْ فَقَالَ: ﴿وَلَقَدْ فَتَنَّا الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ﴾ ﴿وَلَقَدْ فَتَنَّا الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ فَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا وَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ الْكَاذِبِينَ (٣) أَمْ حَسِبَ الَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ السَّيِّئَاتِ أَنْ يَسْبِقُونَا سَاءَ مَا يَحْكُمُونَ (٤) ﴾ ﴿وَلَقَدْ فَتَنَّا الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ﴾ يَعْنِي الْأَنْبِيَاءَ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ نُشِرَ بِالْمِنْشَارِ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ قُتِلَ، وَابْتُلِيَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ بِفِرْعَوْنَ فَكَانَ يَسُومُهُمْ سوء العذاب ٦٦/ب، ﴿فَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا﴾ فِي قَوْلِهِمْ آمَنَّا، ﴿وَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ الْكَاذِبِينَ﴾ وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِهِمْ قَبْلَ الِاخْتِبَارِ. وَمَعْنَى الْآيَةِ: فَلَيُظْهِرَنَّ اللَّهُ الصَّادِقِينَ مِنَ الْكَاذِبِينَ حَتَّى يُوجِدَ مَعْلُومَهُ، وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: فَلَيَرَيَنَّ اللَّهُ. وَقِيلَ: لَيَمِيزَنَّ اللَّهُ كَقَوْلِهِ: "لِيَمِيزَ اللَّهُ الْخَبِيثَ مِنَ الطَّيِّبِ" (الْأَنْفَالِ-٣٨) . ﴿أَمْ حَسِبَ الَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ السَّيِّئَاتِ﴾ يَعْنِي الشِّرْكَ، ﴿أَنْ يَسْبِقُونَا﴾ يُعْجِزُونَا وَيَفُوتُونَا، فَلَا نَقْدِرُ عَلَى الِانْتِقَامِ مِنْهُمْ، ﴿سَاءَ مَا يَحْكُمُونَ﴾ بِئْسَ مَا حَكَمُوا حِينَ ظَنُّوا ذَلِكَ.

(١) أخرجه ابن المنذر عن ابن جريج عن ابن عمير وغيره. وأخرجه أيضا ابن سعد، وابن جرير، وابن أبي حاتم، وابن عساكر. انظر: الدر المنثور: ٦ / ٤٥٠، زاد المسير: ٦ / ٢٥٤. (٢) ذكره الواحدي في الأسباب ص (٣٩٣) ، وقال الحافظ ابن حجر في "الكافي الشاف" ص (١٢٧) : "ذكره الثعلبي عن مقاتل.." ثم قال: "وسنده إلى مقاتل في أول كتابه. وفي "الدلائل" لابن أبي شيبة من طريق القاسم بن عبد الرحمن بن عبد الله بن مسعود قال: "أول من استشهد يوم بدر مهجع مولى عمر".