Surah al-Ankabut (The Spider) — Meccan (1)
In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.
“Alif, Lam, Mim. (1) Do people think that they will be left to say, ‘We believe,’ and will not be tested? (2)”
“Alif, Lam, Mim. Do people think” [“Do people suppose”] (2) “that they will be left” without examination or trial, “to say” [that is, “because they say”] (3), “We believe,” and not be tested—that is, not be tried in their wealth and their persons? No indeed; We shall certainly test them, so that He may distinguish the sincere from the hypocrite and the truthful from the liar.
Scholars differed regarding the reason for the revelation of this verse. Al-Sha‘bi said: It was revealed concerning some people in Mecca who had professed Islam. The Companions of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, wrote to them: “Your profession of Islam will not be accepted from you until you emigrate.” They therefore set out deliberately for Medina, but the polytheists pursued them and fought them. Some of them were killed, while others escaped. Thereupon Allah revealed these two verses (4).
(1) Surah al-Ankabut is entirely Makkan. This is reported from Ibn Abbas, Ibn al-Zubayr, al-Hasan, Qatadah, Ata, Jabir ibn Zayd, and Muqatil. Another report from Ibn Abbas states that it is Madinan. Hibat Allah ibn Salamah said: “Its beginning through the end of the first ten verses was revealed in Makkah, and the rest in Madinah.” Other reports state the reverse: that the opening verses are Madinan, on account of their mention of jihad and the hypocrites. The stronger view is that the surah is wholly Makkan. Regarding the occasion for the revelation of verse 8, it is reported that it was revealed concerning the conversion of Sad ibn Abi Waqqas, as will follow; and Sad’s conversion unquestionably took place in Makkah. This verse is among the eleven verses said to be Madinan. For this reason, Shaykh Sayyid Qutb, may Allah have mercy on him, regarded all its verses as Makkan. The mention of jihad is easily explained: it occurs in connection with striving against fitnah, that is, striving against one’s own self in order to remain steadfast and not succumb to persecution. This is clear from the context. Likewise, the hypocrites are mentioned in order to portray the condition of a particular type of people. The entire surah is coherent and follows a single line from beginning to end. See al-Durr al-Manthur, 6:449; Zad al-Masir, 7:253; al-Bahr al-Muhit, 7:139; Tafsir al-Qurtubi, 13:323; Fi Zilal al-Quran, 5:2718; and the forthcoming commentary on verse 11 of the surah.
(2) Omitted in manuscript A.
(3) Omitted in manuscript B.
(4) In al-Durr al-Manthur, 6:449, al-Suyuti attributed it to Abd ibn Humayd, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, 20:129, Ibn al-Mundhir, and Ibn Abi Hatim; it is also cited by al-Wahidi in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 393. Ibn Atiyyah said in al-Muharrar al-Wajiz, 12:199: “Although this verse was revealed for this reason and concerning this group, its meaning remains applicable to the community of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, and its ruling endures until the end of time. For trial and testing from Allah continue at the Muslim frontiers through captivity, enemy assaults, and other matters. If every setting is considered, the same also occurs through illnesses and various forms of tribulation. Yet what resembles the believers’ ordeal with Quraysh is what we have mentioned concerning the enemy at every frontier.”