Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/67)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

or consultation regarding a matter that has arisen. “They do not leave,” meaning, they do not disperse from him; they do not depart from the matter for which they assembled, “until they have sought his permission.” The exegetes said: When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, ascended the pulpit on Friday, and a man wished to leave the mosque because of a need or an excuse, he would not leave until he stood where the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, could see him, so that he would know that he had stood only to seek permission. He would then grant permission to whomever of them he wished. Mujahid said: The imam’s permission on Friday is to indicate with his hand. (1)

The scholars said: The same applies to every matter upon which the Muslims gather with the imam: they must not oppose him or withdraw from it except with his permission. If someone seeks permission, the imam may grant it if he wishes, or refuse it if he wishes. This applies when the person has no reason preventing him from remaining. But if a reason arises that prevents him from remaining—for example, if they are in the mosque and a woman begins menstruating, or a man enters a state of major ritual impurity, or he falls ill—then he has no need to seek permission.

“Indeed, those who seek your permission are the ones who believe in Allah and His Messenger. So when they ask your permission to attend to some matter of their own”—that is, some affair of theirs—“grant permission to whomever of them you wish” to depart. Its meaning is: if you wish, grant permission; and if you wish, do not grant it. “And ask Allah to forgive them. Surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

“Do not treat the Messenger’s calling among you as you call one another. Allah certainly knows those of you who slip away under cover. So let those who oppose his command beware lest a trial afflict them or a painful punishment afflict them.” (63)

“Do not treat the Messenger’s calling among you as you call one another.” Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said: He means: Beware of the Messenger’s supplication against you if you anger him, for his supplication necessarily brings affliction down upon you; it is not like the supplication of anyone else. (2) Mujahid and Qatadah said: Do not call him by his name as some of you call one another, saying, “O Muhammad,” or “O Abd Allah.” Rather, venerate and honor him, saying, “O Prophet of Allah,” and “O Messenger of Allah,” with gentleness and humility. (3)

“Allah certainly knows those who slip away,” meaning, those who leave “from among you under cover”—that is, they conceal one another and furtively slip away in fear, and then depart. Liwādh, meaning slipping away under cover, is the verbal noun of lāwadha, meaning to seek cover with another.

(1) Zad al-Masir, 6:67-68. (2) See al-Tabari, 17:177. (3) This is also narrated from Ibn Abbas. See al-Tabari, 17:177; al-Durr al-Manthur, 6:230. Ibn Kathir mentions both views in his Tafsir, 3:308. Al-Tabari preferred the first view attributed to Ibn Abbas, because the preceding passage prohibits the believers from leaving him, in a matter that concerns them all, in a manner that displeases him, while the following passage warns those who depart from him without his permission. Thus, it is more fitting that the intervening verse should warn them against provoking his anger and causing him to supplicate against them than that it should instruct them, without prior mention, to honor and revere him in speech and supplication.

أَوْ تَشَاوُرٍ فِي أَمْرٍ نَزَلَ، ﴿لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا﴾ يَتَفَرَّقُوا عَنْهُ، لَمْ يَنْصَرِفُوا عَمَّا اجْتَمَعُوا لَهُ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ، ﴿حَتَّى يَسْتَأْذِنُوهُ﴾ قَالَ الْمُفَسِّرُونَ: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِذَا صَعَدَ الْمِنْبَرَ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ وَأَرَادَ الرَّجُلُ أَنْ يُخْرِجَ مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ، لِحَاجَةٍ أَوْ عُذْرٍ، لَمْ يَخْرُجْ حَتَّى يَقُومَ بِحِيَالِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَيْثُ يَرَاهُ، فَيَعْرِفُ أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا قَامَ يَسْتَأْذِنُ، فَيَأْذَنُ لِمَنْ شَاءَ مِنْهُمْ. قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: وَإِذْنُ الْإِمَامِ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ أَنْ يُشِيرَ بِيَدِهِ (١) . قَالَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ: وَكَذَلِكَ كُلُّ أَمْرٍ اجْتَمَعَ عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مَعَ الْإِمَامِ لَا يُخَالِفُونَهُ وَلَا يَرْجِعُونَ عَنْهُ إِلَّا بِإِذْنٍ، وَإِذَا اسْتَأْذَنَ فَلِلْإِمَامِ إِنْ شَاءَ أَذِنَ لَهُ وَإِنْ شَاءَ لَمْ يَأْذَنْ، وَهَذَا إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ سَبَبٌ يَمْنَعُهُ مِنَ الْمَقَامِ، فَإِنْ حَدَثَ سَبَبٌ يَمْنَعُهُ مِنَ الْمَقَامِ بِأَنْ يَكُونَ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ فَتَحِيضُ مِنْهُمُ امْرَأَةٌ، أَوْ يَجْنُبُ رَجُلٌ، أَوْ يَعْرِضُ لَهُ مَرَضٌ، فَلَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الِاسْتِئْذَانِ. ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَسْتَأْذِنُونَكَ أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ فَإِذَا اسْتَأْذَنُوكَ لِبَعْضِ شَأْنِهِمْ﴾ أَيْ: أَمَرَهُمْ، ﴿فَأْذَنْ لِمَنْ شِئْتَ مِنْهُمْ﴾ فِي الِانْصِرَافِ، مَعْنَاهُ إِنْ شِئْتَ فَأْذَنْ وَإِنْ شِئْتَ فَلَا تَأْذَنْ، ﴿وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمُ اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ﴾ ﴿لَا تَجْعَلُوا دُعَاءَ الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعَاءِ بَعْضِكُمْ بَعْضًا قَدْ يَعْلَمُ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ يَتَسَلَّلُونَ مِنْكُمْ لِوَاذًا فَلْيَحْذَرِ الَّذِينَ يُخَالِفُونَ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ أَنْ تُصِيبَهُمْ فِتْنَةٌ أَوْ يُصِيبَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ (٦٣) ﴾ ﴿لَا تَجْعَلُوا دُعَاءَ الرَّسُولِ بَيْنَكُمْ كَدُعَاءِ بَعْضِكُمْ بَعْضًا﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄: يَقُولُ احْذَرُوا دُعَاءَ الرَّسُولِ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا أَسْخَطْتُمُوهُ، فَإِنَّ دُعَاءَهُ مُوجَبٌ لِنُزُولِ الْبَلَاءِ بِكُمْ لَيْسَ كَدُعَاءِ غَيْرِهِ (٢) وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَقَتَادَةُ: لَا تَدْعُوهُ بِاسْمِهِ كَمَا يَدْعُو بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ، وَلَكِنْ فَخِّمُوهُ وَشَرِّفُوهُ، فَقُولُوا: يَا نَبِيَّ اللَّهِ، يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، فِي لِينٍ وَتَوَاضُعٍ (٣) . ﴿قَدْ يَعْلَمُ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ يَتَسَلَّلُونَ﴾ أَيْ: يَخْرُجُونَ ﴿مِنْكُمْ لِوَاذًا﴾ أَيْ: يَسْتُرُ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا وَيَرُوغُ فِي خِيفَةٍ، فَيَذْهَبُ "وَاللِّوَاذُ" مَصْدَرُ لَاوَذَ يُلَاوِذُ، مُلَاوَذَةً، وَلِوَاذًا.

(١) زاد المسير: ٦ / ٦٧-٦٨. (٢) انظر: الطبري ١٧ / ١٧٧. (٣) وهو مروي أيضا عن ابن عباس. انظر: الطبري ١٧ / ١٧٧، الدر المنثور: ٦ / ٢٣٠. ونقل ابن كثير القولين في التفسير: ٣ / ٣٠٨. ورجح الطبري قول ابن عباس الأول، لأن الذي قبل ذلك نهي من الله للمؤمنين أن يأتوا من الانصراف عنه في الأمر الذي يجمع جميعهم ما يكرهه، والذي بعده وعيد للمنصرفين بغير إذنه عنه، فالذي بينهما بأن يكون تحذيرا لهم سخطه أن يضطره إلى الدعاء عليهم، أشبه من أن يكون أمرا لهم بما لم يجر له ذكر من تعظيمه وتوقيره بالقول والدعاء".