Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/201)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

His saying, Most High: “Allah intends ease for you,” by permitting the breaking of the fast in illness and travel, “and does not intend hardship for you.” Abu Ja‘far recited the words “hardship” and “ease,” and similar words, with an u-vowel on the sīn; the others recited it with the sīn unvowelled. Al-Sha‘bi said: “No man is given a choice between two matters and chooses the easier of them except that it is the more beloved of the two to Allah, Most High.”

“And so that you may complete the prescribed number.” Abu Bakr recited it with the mīm doubled, while the others read it without doubling; the latter is the preferred reading, owing to His saying, Most High: “Today I have perfected your religion for you” (al-Ma’idah 3). The conjunction in His saying, “and so that you may complete the prescribed number,” is connective, and the lām is one denoting purpose. Its sense is: He intends that you complete the prescribed number—that is, that you complete the number of days in the month by making up the days on which you did not fast due to illness or travel. ‘Ata’ said: “And so that you may complete the prescribed number,” means, the number of days in the month.

Abd al-Wahhab ibn Muhammad al-Khatib informed us: Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad al-Khallal informed us; Abu al-Abbas al-Asamm informed us; al-Rabi‘ informed us; al-Shafi‘i informed us; Malik informed us, from Abd Allah ibn Dinar, from Ibn Umar, that the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, said: “The month is twenty-nine days. Do not fast until you sight the crescent, and do not end the fast until you sight it. If it is obscured from you, then complete the number as thirty.” (1)

Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Salihi informed us: Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Hiri informed us; Hajib ibn Ahmad al-Tusi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yahya informed us; Yazid ibn Harun informed us; Muhammad ibn Amr informed us, from Abu Salamah, from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: The Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, said: “Do not anticipate the month by fasting one day or two, unless it coincides with a fast that one of you habitually observes. Fast upon sighting it and end the fast upon sighting it. If it is obscured from you, then count thirty days and then end the fast.” (2)

“And so that you may magnify Allah”: that is, glorify Allah “for having guided you”—having directed you to the fasting of the month of Ramadan, which He has approved, and having singled you out for it rather than the adherents of other religious communities.

Ibn Abbas said: “It refers to the takbīrs—the proclamations of Allah’s greatness—on the night of Eid al-Fitr.” It is related from al-Shafi‘i, Ibn al-Musayyib, ‘Urwah, and Abu Salamah that they would proclaim the takbīr aloud on the night of Eid al-Fitr. Al-Shafi‘i likewise regarded the Night of Sacrifice as analogous to it, except that for one performing Hajj, the prescribed remembrance is the talbiyah.

“And so that you may give thanks” to Allah for His blessings. Reports have been transmitted concerning the virtue of the month of Ramadan and the reward of those who fast.

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Hasani al-Marwazi informed us: Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Siraj al-Tahhan informed us; Abu Ahmad Muhammad ibn Quraysh ibn Sulayman informed us; Ali ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Makki informed us; Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam informed us; Isma‘il ibn Ja‘far narrated to me, from Abu Sahl Nafi‘ ibn Malik, from his father, from Abu Hurayrah, from the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, who said: “When

(1) Al-Bukhari narrated it in the Book of Fasting, in the chapter, “The Prophet’s statement: ‘When you see the crescent, then fast ...,’” 4:119; and in the Book of Divorce. Muslim narrated it in the Book of Fasting, chapter, “The obligation of fasting Ramadan upon sighting the crescent,” no. 1080, 2:759. The author also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:228, and al-Shafi'i in al-Musnad, 1:272. (2) The author cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:237. It is compiled from two hadiths found in al-Bukhari and Muslim; see al-Bukhari, Book of Fasting, 4:119, 127-128, and Muslim, Book of Fasting, nos. 1082 and 1188, 2:762, 765.

قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ﴾ بِإِبَاحَةِ الْفِطْرِ فِي الْمَرَضِ وَالسَّفَرِ ﴿وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ﴾ قَرَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ: الْعُسْرَ وَالْيُسْرَ وَنَحْوَهُمَا بِضَمِّ السِّينِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالسُّكُونِ. وَقَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ: مَا خُيِّرَ رَجُلٌ بَيْنَ أَمْرَيْنِ فَاخْتَارَ أَيْسَرَهُمَا إِلَّا كَانَ ذَلِكَ أَحَبَّهُمَا إِلَى اللَّهِ ﷿ ﴿وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ﴾ قَرَأَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ بِتَشْدِيدِ الْمِيمِ وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالتَّخْفِيفِ، وَهُوَ الِاخْتِيَارُ لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "الْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ" (٣-الْمَائِدَةِ) وَالْوَاوُ فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ وَاوُ النَّسَقِ، وَاللَّامُ لَامُ كَيْ، تَقْدِيرُهُ: وَيُرِيدُ لِكَيْ تُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ، أَيْ لِتُكْمِلُوا عِدَّةَ أَيَّامِ الشَّهْرِ بِقَضَاءِ مَا أَفْطَرْتُمْ فِي مَرَضِكُمْ وَسَفَرِكُمْ، وَقَالَ عَطَاءٌ: ﴿وَلِتُكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ﴾ أَيْ عَدَدَ أَيَّامِ الشَّهْرِ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْخَطِيبُ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْخَلَّالُ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ أَخْبَرَنَا الرَّبِيعُ أَخْبَرَنَا الشَّافِعِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا مَالِكٌ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ دِينَارٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "الشَّهْرُ تِسْعٌ وَعِشْرُونَ فَلَا تَصُومُوا حَتَّى تَرَوُا الْهِلَالَ، وَلَا تُفْطِرُوا حَتَّى تَرَوْهُ فَإِنْ غُمَّ عَلَيْكُمْ فَأَكْمِلُوا الْعِدَّةَ ثَلَاثِينَ" (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحُسَيْنِ الْحِيرِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا حَاجِبُ ابن أَحْمَدَ الطُّوسِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يَحْيَى أَخْبَرَنَا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَا تَقَدَّمُوا الشَّهْرَ بِصَوْمِ يَوْمٍ وَلَا يَوْمَيْنِ إِلَّا أَنْ يُوَافِقَ ذَلِكَ صَوْمًا كَانَ يَصُومُهُ أَحَدُكُمْ، صُومُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ وَأَفْطِرُوا لِرُؤْيَتِهِ فَإِنْ غُمَّ عَلَيْكُمْ فَعُدُّوا ثَلَاثِينَ ثُمَّ أَفْطِرُوا" (٢) . ﴿وَلِتُكَبِّرُوا اللَّهَ﴾ وَلِتُعَظِّمُوا اللَّهَ ﴿عَلَى مَا هَدَاكُمْ﴾ أَرْشَدَكُمْ إِلَى مَا رَضِيَ بِهِ مِنْ صَوْمِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ وَخَصَّكُمْ بِهِ دُونَ سَائِرِ أَهْلِ الْمِلَلِ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: هُوَ تَكْبِيرَاتُ لَيْلَةِ الْفِطْرِ. وَرُوِيَ عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ وَعَنِ ابْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ وَعُرْوَةَ وَأَبِي سَلَمَةَ أَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يُكَبِّرُونَ لَيْلَةَ الْفِطْرِ يَجْهَرُونَ بِالتَّكْبِيرِ، وَشَبَّهَ لَيْلَةَ النَّحْرِ بِهَا إِلَّا مَنْ كَانَ حَاجًّا فَذِكْرُهُ التَّلْبِيَةُ. ﴿وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ﴾ اللَّهَ عَلَى نِعَمِهِ، وَقَدْ وَرَدَتْ أَخْبَارٌ فِي فَضْلِ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ وَثَوَابِ الصَّائِمِينَ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِيِّ الْمَرْوَزِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ سِرَاجٍ الطَّحَّانُ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ قُرَيْشِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ أَخْبَرَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ الْمَكِّيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ الْقَاسِمُ بْنُ سَلَّامٍ حَدَّثَنِي إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ عَنْ أَبِي سَهْلٍ نَافِعِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ قَالَ: "إِذَا

(١) رواه البخاري: في الصوم - باب قول النبي ﷺ إذا رأيتم الهلال فصوموا ... ٤ / ١١٩. وفي الطلاق. ومسلم: في الصيام - باب جوب صوم رمضان لرؤية الهلال برقم (١٠٨٠) ٢ / ٧٥٩. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ٢٢٨، والشافعي في المسند: ١ / ٢٧٢. (٢) المصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ٢٣٧ وهو ملفق من حديثين عند البخاري ومسلم (انظر: البخاري في الصوم) ٤ / ١١٩، ١٢٧، ١٢٨ ومسلم: في الصيام: برقم (١٠٨٢، ١١٨٨) ٢ / ٧٦٢، ٧٦٥.