Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/62)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

It was also said that this means those who were with Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. “Thus Allah makes His signs clear to you”—that is, His proofs. It was also said: His rulings. “And Allah is All-Knowing” of the affairs of His creation, “All-Wise” in what He has ordained for them.

Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyab said: “A man must seek permission before entering upon his mother; this verse was revealed 43/b concerning that (1).” Hudhayfah was asked, “Must a man seek permission before entering upon his mother?” He replied, “Yes. If he does not, he may see of her what he dislikes (2).”

“And elderly women who no longer expect marriage—there is no blame upon them if they lay aside their outer garments without displaying adornment. But to refrain is better for them. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing. (60) There is no blame upon the blind, nor any blame upon the lame, nor any blame upon the sick, nor upon yourselves if you eat from your own homes, or the homes of your fathers, your mothers, your brothers, your sisters, your paternal uncles, your paternal aunts, your maternal uncles, your maternal aunts, or those whose keys are in your possession, or your friends’ homes. There is no blame upon you whether you eat together or separately. When you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting from Allah, blessed and good. Thus Allah makes the signs clear to you, so that you may understand. (61)”

Allah the Exalted says: “And elderly women,” meaning those who, because of old age, have ceased bearing children and menstruating: they neither give birth nor menstruate. The singular form is qāʿid, without the feminine ending. It was also said that they are women who have ceased to be sought in marriage. This is the meaning of His saying, “who no longer expect marriage”: they no longer desire men because of their old age.

Ibn Qutaybah said: “A woman is called qāʿid when she grows old because she sits frequently (3).” Rabi‘ah al-Ra’y said: “They are the decrepit elderly women whom men find repulsive when they see them. As for one in whom some beauty remains, and who is still an object of desire, she is not included in this verse.”

“So there is no blame upon them if they lay aside their outer garments” in the presence of men—that is, if they lay aside some of their clothing: the jilbāb, the outer wrap worn over the clothes, and the face-covering worn over the head-covering. As for the head-covering, it is not permissible to remove it. In the recitation of Ibn Mas‘ud and Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, may Allah be pleased with them both, it reads: “if they lay aside some of their outer garments.”

“Without displaying adornment,” meaning without intending, by laying aside the jilbāb and outer wrap, to reveal their adornment. Displaying adornment means that a woman reveals such of her beauty as she ought to keep concealed. “But to refrain”—that is, not to cast aside the jilbāb and outer wrap—“is better for them. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.”

Allah the Exalted says: “There is no blame upon the blind, nor any blame upon the lame, nor any blame upon the sick,” and the rest of the verse. The scholars differed concerning this verse. Ibn ‘Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, said: When Allah, mighty and majestic, revealed His words, “O you who believe, do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly” (Surah al-Nisa’ 29), the Muslims felt reluctant to share meals with

(1) Al-Tabari, 18:165. (2) Reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah in al-Musannaf, 4:398; it also contains other reports. (3) Ibn Qutaybah states in Gharib al-Quran, 2:43, citing al-Qirtayn by Ibn Mutarrif al-Kinani: “I do not think that she was termed qa'id (a woman who remains seated) except because of sitting. When she grows old, she becomes unable to move about and engage in much activity, and remains seated for long periods. She was therefore called qa'id, without the feminine ending, to indicate by its omission that this is sitting due to old age. Likewise, they say imra'ah hamil (a pregnant woman), without the feminine ending, to indicate that it is pregnancy by gestation. In other cases, however, they say qa'idah fi baytiha (seated in her house) and hamilah ala zahriha (carrying something on her back).”

وَقِيلَ: يَعْنِي الَّذِينَ كَانُوا مَعَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمُوسَى وَعِيسَى. ﴿كَذَلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ آيَاتِهِ﴾ دَلَالَاتِهِ. وَقِيلَ: أَحْكَامُهُ، ﴿وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ﴾ بِأُمُورِ خَلْقِهِ، ﴿حَكِيمٌ﴾ بِمَا دَبَّرَ لَهُمْ. قَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ: يَسْتَأْذِنُ الرَّجُلُ عَلَى أُمِّهِ، فإنما أنزلت ٤٣/ب هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ (١) . وَسُئِلَ حُذَيْفَةُ: أَيَسْتَأْذِنُ الرَّجُلُ عَلَى وَالِدَتِهِ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، إِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلْ رَأَى مِنْهَا مَا يَكْرَهُ (٢) . ﴿وَالْقَوَاعِدُ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ اللَّاتِي لَا يَرْجُونَ نِكَاحًا فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِنَّ جُنَاحٌ أَنْ يَضَعْنَ ثِيَابَهُنَّ غَيْرَ مُتَبَرِّجَاتٍ بِزِينَةٍ وَأَنْ يَسْتَعْفِفْنَ خَيْرٌ لَهُنَّ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ (٦٠) لَيْسَ عَلَى الْأَعْمَى حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الْأَعْرَجِ حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الْمَرِيضِ حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَنْ تَأْكُلُوا مِنْ بُيُوتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ آبَائِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أُمَّهَاتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ إِخْوَانِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أَخَوَاتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أَعْمَامِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ عَمَّاتِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ أَخْوَالِكُمْ أَوْ بُيُوتِ خَالَاتِكُمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكْتُمْ مَفَاتِحَهُ أَوْ صَدِيقِكُمْ لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَنْ تَأْكُلُوا جَمِيعًا أَوْ أَشْتَاتًا فَإِذَا دَخَلْتُمْ بُيُوتًا فَسَلِّمُوا عَلَى أَنْفُسِكُمْ تَحِيَّةً مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ مُبَارَكَةً طَيِّبَةً كَذَلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمُ الْآيَاتِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ (٦١) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَالْقَوَاعِدُ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ﴾ يَعْنِي اللَّاتِي قَعَدْنَ عَنِ الْوَلَدِ وَالْحَيْضِ مِنَ الْكِبَرِ، لَا يَلِدْنَ وَلَا يَحِضْنَ، وَاحِدَتُهَا "قَاعِدٌ" بِلَا هَاءٍ. وَقِيلَ: قَعَدْنَ عَنِ الْأَزْوَاجِ، وَهَذَا مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ: ﴿اللَّاتِي لَا يَرْجُونَ نِكَاحًا﴾ أَيْ: لَا يُرِدْنَ الرِّجَالَ لِكِبَرِهِنَّ، قَالَ ابْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ: سُمِّيَتِ الْمَرْأَةُ قَاعِدًا إِذَا كَبُرَتْ، لِأَنَّهَا تُكْثِرُ الْقُعُودَ (٣) . وَقَالَ رَبِيعَةُ الرَّأْيُ: هُنَّ الْعُجَّزُ، اللَّائِي إِذَا رَآهُنَّ الرِّجَالُ اسْتَقْذَرُوهُنَّ، فَأَمَّا مَنْ كَانَتْ فِيهَا بَقِيَّةٌ مِنْ جِمَالٍ، وَهِيَ مَحَلُّ الشَّهْوَةِ، فَلَا تَدْخُلُ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ، ﴿فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِنَّ جُنَاحٌ أَنْ يَضَعْنَ ثِيَابَهُنَّ﴾ عِنْدَ الرِّجَالِ، يَعْنِي: يَضَعْنَ بَعْضَ ثِيَابِهِنَّ، وَهِيَ الْجِلْبَابُ وَالرِّدَاءُ الَّذِي فَوْقَ الثِّيَابِ، وَالْقِنَاعِ الَّذِي فَوْقَ الْخِمَارِ، فَأَمَّا الْخِمَارُ فَلَا يَجُوزُ وَضْعُهُ، وَفِي قِرَاءَةِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ﵁ وَأُبَيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ: "أَنْ يَضَعْنَ مِنْ ثِيَابِهِنَّ"، ﴿غَيْرَ مُتَبَرِّجَاتٍ بِزِينَةٍ﴾ أَيْ: مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُرِدْنَ بِوَضْعِ الْجِلْبَابِ، وَالرِّدَاءُ إِظْهَارُ زِينَتِهِنَّ، وَالتَّبَرُّجُ هُوَ أَنْ تُظْهِرَ الْمَرْأَةُ مِنْ مَحَاسِنِهَا مَا يَنْبَغِي لَهَا أَنْ تَتَنَزَّهَ عَنْهُ. ﴿وَأَنْ يَسْتَعْفِفْنَ﴾ فَلَا يُلْقِينَ الْجِلْبَابَ وَالرِّدَاءَ، ﴿خَيْرٌ لَهُنَّ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿لَيْسَ عَلَى الْأَعْمَى حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى الْأَعْرَجِ حَرَجٌ وَلا عَلَىالْمَرِيضِ حَرَجٌ﴾ الْآيَةَ، اخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ، فَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ لَمَّا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ ﷿ قَوْلَهُ: "يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ" (النِّسَاءِ-٢٩) ، تَحَرَّجَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَنْ مُؤَاكَلَةِ

(١) الطبري: ١٨ / ١٦٥. (٢) أخرجه ابن أبي شيبة في المصنف: ٤ / ٣٩٨ وفيه آثار أخرى. (٣) قال ابن قتيبة في "غريب القرآن" (٢ / ٤٣) من "القرطين" لابن مطرف الكناني: ".. ولا أراها تسمت قاعدا إلا بالقعود، لأنها إذا أسنت عجزت عن التصرف وكثرة الحركة، وأطالت القعود، فقيل لها: "قاعد" بلا هاء، ليدل بحذف الهاء على أنه قعود كبر، كما قالوا: امرأة حامل، بلا هاء، ليدل بحذف الهاء على أنه حمل حبل، وقالوا في غير ذلك: قاعدة في بيتها، وحاملة على ظهرها".