Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/60)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Let not those who disbelieve think themselves able to escape in the land.” The other reciters read it with the initial tā’, meaning: “Do not think, O Muhammad, that those who disbelieve can escape Us. Their refuge will be the Fire—what an evil destination!”

“O you who believe, let those whom your right hands possess, and those among you who have not yet reached puberty, ask your permission at three times: before the dawn prayer, when you lay aside your garments at noon, and after the night prayer. These are three times of privacy for you. There is no blame upon you or upon them beyond these times, for they move about among you, one among another. Thus Allah makes His signs clear to you; and Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise. (58)”

Regarding His words, exalted is He, “O you who believe, let those whom your right hands possess...” Ibn ‘Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said: The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, sent an Anṣārī boy named Mudlij ibn ‘Amr to ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, may Allah be pleased with him, at midday to summon him. He entered and saw ‘Umar in a state in which ‘Umar disliked being seen. So Allah revealed this verse. (1)

Muqātil said: It was revealed concerning Asmā’ bint Marthad. She had an adult servant who entered upon her at a time she disliked. She came to the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and said, “Our servants and young attendants enter upon us when we are in a state we dislike.” Thereupon Allah Most High revealed: (2) “O you who believe, let them ask your permission...” The lām here is the particle of command.

“Those whom your right hands possess” means male and female slaves. “And those among you who have not reached puberty” means among the free persons. What is not meant is young children who are unaware of women’s private matters; rather, it means those who understand matters concerning women but have not yet reached puberty.

“At three times,” meaning, let them ask permission at three times: “before the dawn prayer, when you lay aside your garments at noon”—that is, for the midday nap—“and after the night prayer.” These times were specified because they are times of privacy and of laying aside one’s clothes, when something a person would not wish anyone to see may become exposed. Slaves and children were commanded to seek permission at these times; as for everyone else, they must seek permission at all times.

“Three times of privacy for you”: Hamzah, al-Kisā’ī, and Abū Bakr recited thalātha, with the final thā’ in the accusative, as an apposition to “three times”; whereas the others recited

(1) See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 380; al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 120. (2) Al-Suyuti attributed it in al-Durr, 6:217, to Ibn Abi Hatim; al-Wahidi also mentioned it in Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 380. See also al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 120; and Ibn Kathir, 3:304.

لَا يَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَنْفُسَهُمْ ﴿مُعْجِزِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ﴾ وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالتَّاءِ، يَقُولُ: لَا تَحْسَبَنَّ يَا مُحَمَّدُ الَّذِينَ كَفَّرُوا مُعْجِزِينِ فَائِتِينَ عَنَّا، ﴿وَمَأْوَاهُمُ النَّارُ وَلَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ﴾ ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لِيَسْتَأْذِنْكُمُ الَّذِينَ مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ وَالَّذِينَ لَمْ يَبْلُغُوا الْحُلُمَ مِنْكُمْ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ مِنْ قَبْلِ صَلَاةِ الْفَجْرِ وَحِينَ تَضَعُونَ ثِيَابَكُمْ مِنَ الظَّهِيرَةِ وَمِنْ بَعْدِ صَلَاةِ الْعِشَاءِ ثَلَاثُ عَوْرَاتٍ لَكُمْ لَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَلَا عَلَيْهِمْ جُنَاحٌ بَعْدَهُنَّ طَوَّافُونَ عَلَيْكُمْ بَعْضُكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ كَذَلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمُ الْآيَاتِ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ (٥٨) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لِيَسْتَأْذِنْكُمُ الَّذِينَ مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ﴾ الْآيَةَ: قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ وَجَّهَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ غُلَامًا مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ يُقَالُ لَهُ مُدْلِجُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ﵁ وَقْتَ الظَّهِيرَةِ لِيَدْعُوَهُ، فَدَخَلَ فَرَأَى عُمَرَ بِحَالَةٍ كَرِهَ عُمَرُ رُؤْيَتَهُ ذَلِكَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ (١) وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: نَزَلَتْ فِي أَسْمَاءَ بِنْتِ مَرْثَدٍ، كَانَ لَهَا غُلَامٌ كَبِيرٌ، فَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهَا فِي وَقْتٍ كَرِهَتْهُ، فَأَتَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَتْ: إِنَّ خَدَمَنَا وَغِلْمَانَنَا يَدْخُلُونَ عَلَيْنَا فِي حَالٍ نَكْرَهُهَا، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى (٢) "يَا أَيُّهَا الذين آمنوا ليستأنذكم: اللَّامُ لَامُ الْأَمْرِ. ﴿الَّذِينَ مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ﴾ يَعْنِي: الْعَبِيدَ وَالْإِمَاءَ، ﴿وَالَّذِينَ لَمْ يَبْلُغُوا الْحُلُمَ مِنْكُمْ﴾ مِنَ الْأَحْرَارِ، لَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ مِنْهُمُ الْأَطْفَالَ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَى عَوْرَاتِ النِّسَاءِ، بَلِ الَّذِينَ عَرَفُوا أَمْرَ النِّسَاءِ وَلَكِنْ لَمْ يَبْلُغُوا. ﴿ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ﴾ أَيْ: لِيَسْتَأْذِنُوا فِي ثَلَاثِ أَوْقَاتٍ، ﴿مِنْ قَبْلِ صَلَاةِ الْفَجْرِ وَحِينَ تَضَعُونَ ثِيَابَكُمْ مِنَ الظَّهِيرَةِ﴾ يُرِيدُ الْمَقِيلَ، ﴿وَمِنْ بَعْدِ صَلَاةِ الْعِشَاءِ﴾ وَإِنَّمَا خَصَّ هَذِهِ الْأَوْقَاتِ لِأَنَّهَا سَاعَاتُ الْخَلْوَةِ وَوَضْعِ الثِّيَابِ، فَرُبَّمَا يَبْدُو مِنَ الْإِنْسَانِ مَا لَا يُحِبُّ أَنَّ يَرَاهُ أَحَدٌ، أَمَرَ الْعَبِيدَ وَالصِّبْيَانَ بِالِاسْتِئْذَانِ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَوْقَاتِ، وَأَمَّا غَيْرُهُمْ فَلْيَسْتَأْذِنُوا فِي جَمِيعِ الْأَوْقَاتِ ﴿ثَلَاثُ عَوْرَاتٍ لَكُمْ﴾ قَرَأَ حَمْزَةُ وَالْكِسَائِيُّ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ: "ثَلَاثَ" بِنَصْبِ الثَّاءِ بَدَلًا عَنْ قَوْلِهِ: "ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ"، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ

(١) انظر: أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (٣٨٠) ، الكافي الشاف ص (١٢٠) . (٢) عزاه السيوطي في "الدر": (٦ / ٢١٧) لابن أبي حاتم، وذكره الواحدي في أسباب النزول ص (٣٨٠) . وانظر: الكافي الشاف ص (١٢٠) ، وابن كثير: ٣ / ٣٠٤.