Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/59)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

The verse also contains evidence for the caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and the leadership of the Rightly Guided Caliphs.

‘Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Abu Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Shurayh informed us; Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi informed us; ‘Ali ibn al-Ja‘d informed us; Hammad—namely, Ibn Salamah ibn Dinar—informed me, from Sa‘id ibn Jumhan, from Safinah, who said: I heard the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say, “The caliphate after me will last thirty years; then there will be kingship.” He then said, “Count Abu Bakr’s caliphate as two years, ‘Umar’s caliphate as ten, ‘Uthman’s as twelve, and ‘Ali’s as six.”

‘Ali said: I asked Hammad, “Was it Safinah who said to Sa‘id, ‘Count them’?” He replied, “Yes.” (1)

His saying, exalted is He: “Whoever disbelieves after that”—what is meant is ingratitude for the blessing, not disbelief in Allah. “Such are the defiantly disobedient,” meaning those who disobey Allah.

The scholars of Qur’anic exegesis said: The first to be ungrateful for this blessing and deny what it required were those who killed ‘Uthman, may Allah be pleased with him. When they killed him, Allah changed their condition and brought fear upon them, until they began fighting one another after having been brothers.

Abu al-Muzaffar Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Tamimi informed us; Abu Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Uthman ibn al-Qasim, known as Ibn Abi Nasr, informed us; Abu al-Hasan Khaythamah ibn Sulayman ibn Haydarah, known as al-Tarabulusi, informed us; Ishaq ibn Ibrahim ibn ‘Abbad informed us, from ‘Abd al-Razzaq, from Ma‘mar, from Ayyub, from Humayd ibn Hilal, who said: ‘Abd Allah ibn Salam said concerning ‘Uthman: “The angels have continued to surround this city of yours from the time the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, came to it until this day. By Allah, if you kill him, they will depart and never return. By Allah, no man among you will kill him except that he will meet Allah maimed, with no hand remaining for him. The sword of Allah has remained sheathed from you; but by Allah, if you kill him, Allah will surely unsheathe it against you and never sheathe it from you again”—or, he said, “ever,” or, “until the Day of Resurrection.” “No prophet was ever killed except that seventy thousand were killed on account of him, and no caliph except that thirty-five thousand were killed on account of him.” (2)

“Establish prayer, give zakah, and obey the Messenger, so that you may be shown mercy. (56) Do not think that those who disbelieve can escape in the land. Their refuge will be the Fire—what an evil destination! (57)”

His saying, exalted is He: “Establish prayer, give zakah, and obey the Messenger, so that you may be shown mercy,” means: Do so in hope of receiving mercy. “Do not think that those who disbelieve”—Ibn ‘Amir and Hamzah recited it with the initial yā’, that is:

(1) Abu Dawud transmitted it in al-Sunnah, chapter: “On the Caliphs,” 7:27, with the wording: “Then Allah grants sovereignty to whomever He wills...”; and al-Tirmidhi in al-Fitan, chapter: “What Has Been Reported Regarding the Caliphate,” 6:476-477. He said: “This is a hasan (fair) hadith. More than one narrator has transmitted it from Sa'id ibn Jumhan, and we know it only through his hadith.” Ibn Hibban graded it authentic in Mawarid al-Zam'an, p. 369. It was also transmitted by Imam Ahmad in al-Musnad, 5:220, and by al-Musannaf in Sharh al-Sunnah, 14:74-75. (2) Abd al-Razzaq transmitted it in al-Jami' of al-Musannaf, 11:455, and Ibn Sa'd abridged it in al-Tabaqat, 3:83.

وَفِي الْآيَةِ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى خِلَافَةِ الصَّدِيقِ وَإِمَامَةِ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ. أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي شُرَيْحٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ الْبَغَوِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْجَعْدِ، أَخْبَرَنِي حَمَّادٌ هُوَ ابْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ بْنِ دِينَارٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُمْهَانَ، عَنْ سَفِينَةَ قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يَقُولُ: "الْخِلَافَةُ بَعْدِي ثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً ثُمَّ تَكُونُ، مُلْكًا". ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَمْسِكْ خِلَافَةَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ سَنَتَيْنِ، وَخِلَافَةَ عُمَرَ عَشْرًا، وَعُثْمَانَ اثْنَتَا عَشْرَ، وَعَلِيٍّ سِتَّةً. قَالَ عَلَيٌّ: قُلْتُ لِحَمَّادٍ: سَفِينَةُ، الْقَائِلُ، لِسَعِيدٍ أَمْسِكْ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ (١) . قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَمَنْ كَفَرَبَعْدَ ذَلِكَ﴾ أَرَادَ بِهِ كُفْرَانَ النِّعْمَةِ، وَلَمْ يُرِدِ الْكُفْرَ بِاللَّهِ، ﴿فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُونَ﴾ الْعَاصُونَ لِلَّهِ. قَالَ أَهْلُ التَّفْسِيرِ: أَوَّلُ مَنْ كَفَرَ بِهَذِهِ النِّعْمَةِ وَجَحَدَ حَقَّهَا الَّذِينَ قَتَلُوا عُثْمَانَ ﵁، فَلَمَّا قَتَلُوهُ غَيَّرَ اللَّهُ مَا بِهِمْ وَأَدْخَلَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَوْفَ حَتَّى صَارُوا يَقْتَتِلُونَ بَعْدَ أَنْ كَانُوا إِخْوَانًا. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْمُظَفَّرِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ التَّمِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ الْمَعْرُوفُ بِابْنِ أَبِي نَصْرٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ خَيْثَمَةُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ حَيْدَرَةَ الْمَعْرُوفُ بِالطَّرَابُلُسِيِّ، أَخْبَرَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ عَبَّادٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ حُمَيْدِ بْنِ هِلَالٍ قَالَ: قَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ سَلَامٍ فِي عُثْمَانَ: إِنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ لَمْ تَزَلْ مُحِيطَةً بِمَدِينَتِكُمْ هَذِهِ مُنْذُ قَدِمَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى الْيَوْمَ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ لَيَذْهَبُونَ ثُمَّ لَا يَعُودُونَ أَبَدًا، فَوَاللَّهِ لَا يَقْتُلُهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا لَقِيَ اللَّهَ أَجْذَمَ لَا يَدَ لَهُ، وَإِنَّ سَيْفَ اللَّهِ لَمْ يَزَلْ مَغْمُودًا عَنْكُمْ، وَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُوهُ لَيَسُلَّنَّهُ اللَّهُ ثُمَّ لَا يَغْمِدُهُ عَنْكُمْ، إِمَّا قَالَ: أَبَدًا، وَإِمَّا قَالَ: إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، فَمَا قُتِلَ نَبِيٌّ قَطُّ إِلَّا قُتِلَ بِهِ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفًا، وَلَا خَلِيفَةٌ إِلَّا قُتِلَ بِهِ خَمْسَةٌ وَثَلَاثُونَ أَلْفًا (٢) ﴿وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ (٥٦) لَا تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مُعْجِزِينَ فِي الْأَرْضِ وَمَأْوَاهُمُ النَّارُ وَلَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ (٥٧) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَأَقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتُوا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّسُولَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ﴾ أَيْ: افْعَلُوهَا عَلَى رَجَاءِ الرَّحْمَةِ. ﴿لَا تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا﴾ قَرَأَ عَامِرٌ وَحَمْزَةُ "لَا يَحْسَبَنَّ" بِالْيَاءِ، أَيْ:

(١) أخرجه أبو داود في السنة، باب في الخلفاء: ٧ / ٢٧ بلفظ: "ثم يؤتي الله الملك من يشاء.."، والترمذي في الفتن، باب ما جاء في الخلافة: ٦ / ٤٧٦-٤٧٧،وقال: "هذا حديث حسن قد رواه غير واحد عن سعيد بن جمهان ولا نعرفه إلا من حديثه". وصححه ابن حبان ص (٣٦٩) من موارد الظمآن، وأخرجه الإمام أحمد في المسند: ٥ / ٢٢٠، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٤ / ٧٤-٧٥. (٢) أخرجه عبد الرزاق في الجامع من "المصنف": ١١ / ٤٥٥، واختصره ابن سعد في الطبقات: ٣ / ٨٣.