Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/200)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

fasting is burdensome; in his case, it is preferable that he break his fast. The evidence for this is what Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us: Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu'aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma'il informed us; Adam informed us; Shu'bah informed us; Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Ansari informed us, saying: I heard Muhammad ibn Amr ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Jabir ibn Abd Allah say: The Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, was on a journey when he saw a crowd around a man for whom shade had been provided. He asked, “What is this?” They replied, “He is fasting.” He said, “It is not righteousness to fast while travelling.” (1)

The evidence that fasting is permissible is what our teacher Abu al-Qasim Abd al-Karim ibn Hawazin al-Qushayri related to us: Abu Nu'aym al-Isfarayini informed us; Abu Awanah informed us; Abu Umayyah informed us; Abd Allah al-Qawariri informed us; Hammad ibn Zayd informed us; al-Jariri informed us, from Abu Nadrah, from Abu Sa'id, who said: “We used to travel with the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, during Ramadan. Some of us would fast and some would break their fast, yet the one fasting would not criticize the one who broke his fast, nor would the one who broke his fast criticize the one fasting.” (2)

They differed as to which of the two is preferable. One group held that breaking the fast while travelling is preferable to fasting. This was related from Ibn Umar, and it was the view adopted by Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib and al-Sha'bi. Another group held that fasting is preferable. This was related from Mu'adh ibn Jabal and Anas, and was the view of Ibrahim al-Nakha'i and Sa'id ibn Jubayr. A further group held that the preferable of the two is whichever is easier for the person, based on His saying, Most High: “Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship.” This was the view of Mujahid, Qatadah, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.

According to most scholars, whoever begins the day as a resident fasting, then travels during the course of the day, is not permitted to break his fast that day. Another group held that he may break his fast; this was the view of al-Sha'bi, and Ahmad also held it. As for a traveller who begins the day fasting, he may break his fast by unanimous agreement. The evidence for this is what Abd al-Wahhab ibn Muhammad al-Khatib related: Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad al-Khallal informed us; Abu al-Abbas al-Asamm informed us; al-Rabi' informed us; al-Shafi'i informed us; Abd al-Aziz ibn Muhammad informed us, from Ja'far ibn Muhammad, from his father, from Jabir: The Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, set out for Mecca in Ramadan during the year of the Conquest. He fasted until he reached Kura' al-Ghamim, and the people fasted with him. It was said to him, “Messenger of Allah, fasting has become difficult for the people.” So after the afternoon prayer, he called for a cup of water and drank while the people looked on. Some people then broke their fast, while others continued fasting. When he was informed that some people had continued to fast, he said, “Those are the disobedient ones.” (3)

They differed concerning the journey that permits one to break the fast. Some said: a journey of one day's travel. A group held: a journey of two days' travel; this was the view of al-Shafi'i, may Allah have mercy on him. Another group held: a journey of three days' travel; this was the view of Sufyan al-Thawri and the adherents of legal reasoning.

(1) Al-Bukhari narrated it in the Book of Fasting, in the chapter, “The Prophet’s statement concerning one who was shaded and overcome by the heat,” 4:183. Muslim narrated it in the Book of Fasting, chapter, “The permissibility of fasting and breaking the fast in Ramadan for the traveler,” no. 1115, 2:786. The author also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:308. (2) Al-Bukhari narrated it in the Book of Fasting, in the chapter, “The Companions of the Prophet did not criticize one another,” 4:186. Muslim narrated it in the Book of Fasting, chapter, “The permissibility of fasting and breaking the fast during Ramadan for the traveler,” nos. 1116 and 1118, 2:786-787. The author also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:306-307. (3) Muslim narrated it in the Book of Fasting, chapter, “The permissibility of fasting and breaking the fast during Ramadan for the traveler,” no. 1114, 2:785. The author also cited it in Sharh al-Sunnah, 6:311, and al-Shafi'i in al-Musnad, 1:268-269.

يُجْهِدُهُ الصَّوْمُ فَالْأَوْلَى لَهُ أَنْ يُفْطِرَ، وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ مَا أَخْبَرَنَا بِهِ عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَلِيحِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ أَخْبَرَنَا آدَمُ أَخْبَرَنَا شُعْبَةُ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ قَالَ سَمِعْتُ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ قَالَ: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي سَفَرٍ فَرَأَى زِحَامًا وَرَجُلًا قَدْ ظُلِّلَ عَلَيْهِ فَقَالَ مَا هَذَا؟ قَالُوا هَذَا صَائِمٌ، فَقَالَ "لَيْسَ مِنَ الْبِرِّ الصَّوْمُ فِي السَّفَرِ" (١) . وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَى جَوَازِ الصَّوْمِ مَا حَدَّثَنَا الْأُسْتَاذُ أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ عَبْدُ الْكَرِيمِ بْنُ هَوَازِنَ الْقُشَيْرِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو نُعَيْمٍ الْإِسْفِرَايِينِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو عَوَانَةَ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو أُمَيَّةَ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ الْقَوَارِيرِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ أَخْبَرَنَا الْجَرِيرِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي نَضْرَةَ عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ قَالَ: "كُنَّا نُسَافِرُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي رَمَضَانَ فَمِنَّا الصَّائِمُ وَمِنَّا الْمُفْطِرُ فَلَا يَعِيبُ الصَّائِمُ عَلَى الْمُفْطِرِ وَلَا الْمُفْطِرُ عَلَى الصَّائِمِ" (٢) . وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَفْضَلِ الْأَمْرَيْنِ، فَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ: الْفِطْرُ فِي السَّفَرِ أَفْضَلُ مِنَ الصَّوْمِ، رُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيَّبِ وَالشَّعْبِيُّ، وَذَهَبَ قَوْمٌ إِلَى أَنَّ الصَّوْمَ أَفْضَلُ وَرُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ وَأَنَسٍ وَبِهِ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ النَّخَعِيُّ وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ، وَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ: أَفْضَلُ الْأَمْرَيْنِ أَيْسَرُهُمَا عَلَيْهِ لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ﴿يُرِيدُ اللَّهُ بِكُمُ الْيُسْرَ وَلَا يُرِيدُ بِكُمُ الْعُسْرَ﴾ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ مُجَاهِدٍ وَقَتَادَةَ وَعُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، وَمَنْ أَصْبَحَ مُقِيمًا صَائِمًا ثُمَّ سَافَرَ فِي أَثْنَاءِ النَّهَارِ لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يُفْطِرَ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ عِنْدَ أَكْثَرِ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، وَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ: لَهُ أَنْ يُفْطِرَ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّعْبِيِّ وَبِهِ قَالَ أَحْمَدُ، أَمَّا الْمُسَافِرُ إِذَا أَصْبَحَ صَائِمًا فَيَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يُفْطِرَ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ، وَالدَّلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ مَا أَخْبَرَ عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْخَطِيبُ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْخَلَّالُ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ أَخْبَرَنَا الرَّبِيعُ أَخْبَرَنَا الشَّافِعِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ جَابِرٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ خَرَجَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ عَامَ الْفَتْحِ فِي رَمَضَانَ، فَصَامَ حَتَّى بَلَغَ كُرَاعَ الْغَمِيمِ، فَصَامَ النَّاسُ مَعَهُ، فَقِيلَ لَهُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدْ شَقَّ عَلَيْهِمُ الصِّيَامُ فَدَعَا بِقَدَحٍ مِنْ مَاءٍ بَعْدَ الْعَصْرِ فَشَرِبَ وَالنَّاسُ يَنْظُرُونَ فَأَفْطَرَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ وَصَامَ بَعْضُهُمْ فَبَلَغَهُ أَنَّ نَاسًا صَامُوا، فَقَالَ "أُولَئِكَ الْعُصَاةُ" (٣) . وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي السَّفَرِ الَّذِي يُبِيحُ الْفِطْرَ، فَقَالَ قَوْمٌ: مَسِيرَةُ يَوْمٍ، وَذَهَبَ جَمَاعَةٌ إِلَى مَسِيرَةِ يَوْمَيْنِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّافِعِيِّ ﵀، وَذَهَبَ جَمَاعَةٌ إِلَى مَسِيرَةِ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ وَأَصْحَابِ الرَّأْيِ.

(١) رواه البخاري: في الصوم - باب قول النبي ﷺ لمن ظلل عليه واشتد الحر ٤ / ١٨٣. ومسلم: في الصيام - باب جواز الصوم والفطر في رمضان للمسافر برقم (١١١٥) ٢ / ٧٨٦. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ٣٠٨. (٢) رواه البخاري: في الصوم - باب لم يعب أصحاب النبي ﷺ بعضهم بعضا ٤ / ١٨٦. ومسلم: في الصيام - باب جواز الصوم والفطر في شهر رمضان للمسافر برقم (١١١٦، ١١١٨) ٢ / ٧٨٦-٧٨٧. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ٣٠٦-٣٠٧. (٣) رواه مسلم: في الصيام - باب جواز الصيام والفطر في شهر رمضان للمسافر برقم (١١١٤) ٢ / ٧٨٥. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٦ / ٣١١، والشافعي في المسند: ١ / ٢٦٨-٢٦٩.