Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/42)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

unintentional: it is due from the male agnates by way of mutual support, and is therefore deferred and apportioned into installments upon them. Abu Hanifah permitted a manumission contract consisting of a single installment, payable immediately. (1)

Regarding His saying, Exalted is He, “If you know goodness in them”: the scholars differed over the meaning of “goodness.” Ibn Umar said: “The ability to earn.” This was also the view of Malik and al-Thawri. Al-Hasan, Mujahid, and al-Dahhak said: “Wealth,” as in His saying, Exalted is He, “if he leaves behind wealth” [2:180]—that is, wealth. It is related that a slave of Salman al-Farisi said to him, “Enter into a manumission contract with me.” He asked, “Do you possess any wealth?” The slave replied, “No.” Salman said, “Do you want to feed me from the filth of the people?” And he did not enter into a manumission contract with him. (2)

Al-Zajjaj said: “Had He meant wealth, He would have said: ‘if you know that they possess goodness.’” Ibrahim, Ibn Zayd, and Ubaydah said: “Truthfulness and trustworthiness.” (3) Tawus and Amr ibn Dinar said: “Wealth and trustworthiness.” (4) Al-Shafii said: “The clearest meaning of goodness in a slave is the ability to earn along with trustworthiness. Therefore, I prefer that he not be denied a manumission contract when he is such a person.”

Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Yusuf al-Juwayni informed us; Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sharik al-Shafii informed us; Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Muslim informed us; Abu Bakr al-Jurabudhi informed us; Yunus ibn Abd al-Ala informed us; Ibn Wahb informed us; al-Layth informed me, from Muhammad ibn Ajlan, from Said ibn Abi Said al-Maqburi, from Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “There are three whom Allah is bound to help: the slave under a manumission contract who intends to fulfill his payment, the one who marries seeking chastity, and the fighter in the path of Allah.” (5)

Muhammad ibn Sirin reported from Ubaydah concerning “If you know goodness in them”: that is, that they establish the prayer. (6) It was also said that it means the slave must be an adult and of sound mind. As for a minor and an insane person, their manumission contract is not valid, because a request for such a contract from them is not valid. Abu Hanifah, however, permitted the manumission contract of an adolescent minor.

Regarding His saying, Glorified is He, “And give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you”: the scholars differed over this. Some said that this is addressed to masters: the master is obliged to remit to his slave under a manumission contract some portion of his contracted payment. This was the view of Uthman, Ali, al-Zubayr, and a group of others, and it was also the view of al-Shafii.

(1) In manuscript “A”: “He declared it defective.” (2) Reported by Abd al-Razzaq in al-Musannaf, 8:374; and by al-Bayhaqi, 10:320. (3) Reported by Abd al-Razzaq, 8:370, 371; and by al-Bayhaqi, 10:318. (4) See Abd al-Razzaq’s al-Musannaf, 8:370; and al-Bayhaqi, 10:318. (5) Reported by al-Tirmidhi in Fada'il al-Jihad, chapter: “What has been reported concerning the fighter in Allah’s cause, the mukatab (a slave contracted for manumission), and the one who marries seeking chastity,” 5:296. He said: “This is a hasan hadith.” It was also reported by al-Nasa'i in Kitab al-Nikah, chapter: “Allah’s aid for the one who marries seeking chastity,” 6:61; by Ibn Majah in Kitab al-Itq, chapter on the mukatab, 2:841-842; and authenticated by al-Hakim, 2:160. It was also reported in al-Musannaf fi Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:7. (6) Abd al-Razzaq reported it from him in al-Musannaf, 8:371.

الْخَطَأِ، وَجَبَتْ عَلَى الْعَاقِلَةِ عَلَى سَبِيلِ الْمُوَاسَاةِ فَكَانَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ مُؤَجَّلَةً مُنَجَّمَةً، وَجَوَّزَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ الْكِتَابَةَ عَلَى نَجْمٍ وَاحِدٍ وَحَالَّةً (١) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ فِيهِمْ خَيْرًا﴾ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي مَعْنَى الْخَيْرِ، فَقَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ: قُوَّةً عَلَى الْكَسْبِ. وَهُوَ قَوْلُ مَالِكٍ وَالثَّوْرِيِّ، وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ وَمُجَاهِدٌ وَالضَّحَّاكُ: مَالًا كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "إِنْ ترك خيرا" (لبقرة-١٨٠) أَيْ: مَالًا وَرُوِيَ أَنَّ عَبْدًا لِسَلْمَانَ الْفَارِسِيِّ قَالَ لَهُ كَاتِبْنِي، قَالَ: أَلَكَ مَالٌ؟ قَالَ: لَا. قَالَ: تُرِيدُ أَنْ تُطْعِمَنِي مِنْ أَوْسَاخِ النَّاسِ، وَلَمْ يُكَاتِبْهُ (٢) . قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: لَوْ أَرَادَ بِهِ الْمَالَ لَقَالَ: إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ لَهُمْ خَيْرًا. وَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ وَابْنُ زَيْدٍ وَعُبَيْدَةُ: صِدْقًا وَأَمَانَةً (٣) وَقَالَ طَاوُسٌ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ دِينَارٍ: مَالًا وَأَمَانَةً (٤) وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: وَأَظْهَرُ مَعَانِي الْخَيْرِ فِي الْعَبْدِ: الِاكْتِسَابُ مَعَ الْأَمَانَةِ، فَأُحِبُّ أَنْ لَا يُمْنَعَ مِنْ كِتَابَتِهِ إِذَا كَانَ هَكَذَا. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ يُوسُفَ الْجُوَيْنِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ شَرِيكٍ الشَّافِعِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْجُورَبَذِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا يُونُسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْأَعْلَى، أَخْبَرَنَا ابْنُ وَهْبٍ أَخْبَرَنِي اللَّيْثُ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَجْلَانَ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْمَقْبُرِيُّ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ﵁ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "ثَلَاثَةٌ حَقٌّ عَلَى اللَّهِ عَوْنُهُمْ: الْمُكَاتَبُ الَّذِي يُرِيدُ الْأَدَاءَ، وَالنَّاكِحُ يُرِيدُ الْعَفَافَ، وَالْمُجَاهِدُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ" (٥) . وَحَكَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِيرِينَ عَنْ عُبَيْدَةَ: "إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ فِيهِمْ خَيْرًا" أَيْ: أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ (٦) . وَقِيلَ: هُوَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْعَبْدُ بَالِغًا عَاقِلًا فَأَمَّا الصَّبِيُّ وَالْمَجْنُونُ فَلَا تَصْحُ كِتَابَتُهُمَا لِأَنَّ الِابْتِغَاءَ مِنْهُمَا لَا يَصِحُّ. وَجَوَّزَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ كِتَابَةَ الصَّبِيِّ الْمُرَاهِقِ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَآتُوهُمْ مِنْ مَالِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي آتَاكُمْ﴾ اخْتَلَفُوا فِيهِ، فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: هَذَا خِطَابٌ لِلْمَوَالِي، يَجِبُ عَلَى الْمَوْلَى أَنْ يَحُطَّ عَنْ مُكَاتَبِهِ مِنْ مَالِ كِتَابَتِهِ شَيْئًا، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ عُثْمَانَ وَعَلِيٍّ وَالزُّبَيْرِ وَجَمَاعَةٍ، وَبِهِ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ.

(١) في "أ": فعلله. (٢) أخرجه عبد الرزاق في "المصنف": ٨ / ٣٧٤، والبيهقي: ١٠ / ٣٢٠. (٣) أخرجه عبد الرزاق: ٨ / ٣٧٠، ٣٧١، والبيهقي: ١٠ / ٣١٨. (٤) انظر: مصنف عبد الرزاق: ٨ / ٣٧٠، والبيهقي: ١٠ / ٣١٨. (٥) أخرجه الترمذي في فضائل الجهاد، باب ما جاء في المجاهد والمكاتب والناكح..: ٥ / ٢٩٦، وقال: "هذا حديث حسن"، والنسائي في النكاح، باب معونة الله الناكح الذي يريد العفاف: ٦ / ٦١، وابن ماجه في العتق، باب المكاتب: ٢ / ٨٤١-٨٤٢، وصححه الحاكم: ٢ / ١٦٠، وأخرجه المصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ٧. (٦) أخرجه عنه عبد الرزاق في المصنف: ٨ / ٣٧١.