Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (6/40)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Abd al-Wahhab ibn Muhammad al-Khatib informed us; Abd al-Aziz ibn Ahmad al-Khallal informed us; Abu al-Abbas al-Asamm informed us; al-Rabi informed us; al-Shafi‘i informed us; Sa‘id ibn Salim informed us, from Ibn Jurayj, from Sulayman ibn Musa, from Ibn Shihab, from Urwah, from Aishah, from the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, who said: “Any woman who contracts her own marriage without her guardian’s permission, her marriage is invalid—her marriage is invalid—her marriage is invalid. If the marriage is consummated, she is entitled to the dowry in return for what he has lawfully enjoyed of her. If they dispute, then the ruler is the guardian of one who has no guardian.” (1)

Allah Most High says: “If they are poor, Allah will enrich them from His bounty; and Allah is All-Encompassing, All-Knowing.” It was said that wealth here means contentment. It was also said that it means the coming together of two provisions: the provision of the husband and that of the wife. Umar said: “I am astonished by one who seeks wealth through other than marriage, while Allah Most High says: ‘If they are poor, Allah will enrich them from His bounty.’” [It was narrated from some of them that Allah Most High promised wealth through both marriage and separation. Thus, He says: “If they are poor, Allah will enrich them from His bounty.”] (2) Allah Most High also says: “If they separate, Allah will enrich each of them from His abundance.” (Al-Nisa 4:130)

“And let those who do not find the means for marriage remain chaste until Allah enriches them from His bounty. And those of your slaves who seek an emancipation contract, make such a contract with them if you know goodness in them; and give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you. Do not compel your slave girls into prostitution if they desire chastity, seeking thereby the fleeting gains of worldly life. Whoever compels them, then surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful to them after their compulsion.” (33)

“And let those who do not find the means for marriage remain chaste”: that is, let those who cannot find what they need to marry with—namely, the dowry and maintenance—seek chastity by avoiding what is unlawful and fornication, “until Allah enriches them from His bounty”; that is, until He expands their provision for them.

(1) Reported by Abu Dawud in Kitab al-Nikah, chapter on the guardian, 3:26-27; and by al-Tirmidhi in Kitab al-Nikah, 4:227-229. He said: “This is a hasan hadith. Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Ansari, Yahya ibn Ayyub, Sufyan al-Thawri, and more than one hadith master narrated something similar from Ibn Jurayj.” It was also reported by Ibn Majah in Kitab al-Nikah, no. 1879, 1:605; authenticated by al-Hakim, 2:168, according to the conditions of al-Bukhari and Muslim; by Ibn Hibban, no. 1248, p. 305 of Mawarid al-Zam'an; by al-Bayhaqi, 7:105, 107; and in al-Musannaf fi Sharh al-Sunnah, 9:39. (2) The text within the parentheses is omitted in manuscript “B.”

أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَهَّابِ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْخَطِيبُ، أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْعَزِيزِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْخَلَّالُ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ الْأَصَمُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا الرَّبِيعُ، أَخْبَرَنَا الشَّافِعِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ سَالِمٍ عَنِ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ، عَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ مُوسَى، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: "أَيُّمَا امْرَأَةٍ نَكَحَتْ نَفْسَهَا بِغَيْرِ إِذَنِ وَلَيِّهَا فَنِكَاحُهَا بَاطِلٌ، ثَلَاثًا، فَإِنْ أَصَابَهَا فَلَهَا الْمَهْرُ بِمَا اسْتَحَلَّ مِنْ فَرْجِهَا، فَإِنِ اشْتَجَرُوا فَالسُّلْطَانُ وَلِيُّ مَنْ لَا وَلِيَّ لَهُ" (١) قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿إِنْ يَكُونُوا فُقَرَاءَ يُغْنِهِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَاللَّهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ﴾ قِيلَ: الْغِنَى هَاهُنَا: الْقَنَاعَةُ. وَقِيلَ: اجْتِمَاعُ الرِّزْقَيْنِ، رِزْقُ الزَّوْجِ وَرِزْقُ الزَّوْجَةِ. وَقَالَ عُمَرُ: عَجِبْتُ لِمَنِ ابْتَغَى الْغِنَى بِغَيْرِ النِّكَاحِ، وَاللَّهُ ﷿ يَقُولُ: ﴿إِنْ يَكُونُوا فُقَرَاءَ يُغْنِهِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ﴾ [وَرُوِيَ عَنْ بَعْضِهِمْ: أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى وَعَدَ الْغِنَيَّ بِالنِّكَاحِ وَبِالتَّفَرُّقِ فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: ﴿إِنْ يَكُونُوا فُقَرَاءَ يُغْنِهِمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ﴾ ] (٢) ،، وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: "وإن يتفرقا يغني اللَّهُ كُلًّا مِنْ سَعَتِهِ" (النِّسَاءِ-١٣٠) . ﴿وَلْيَسْتَعْفِفِ الَّذِينَ لَا يَجِدُونَ نِكَاحًا حَتَّى يُغْنِيَهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَالَّذِينَ يَبْتَغُونَ الْكِتَابَ مِمَّا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُمْ فَكَاتِبُوهُمْ إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ فِيهِمْ خَيْرًا وَآتُوهُمْ مِنْ مَالِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي آتَاكُمْ وَلَا تُكْرِهُوا فَتَيَاتِكُمْ عَلَى الْبِغَاءِ إِنْ أَرَدْنَ تَحَصُّنًا لِتَبْتَغُوا عَرَضَ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَمَنْ يُكْرِهُّنَّ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِكْرَاهِهِنَّ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (٣٣) ﴾ ﴿وَلْيَسْتَعْفِفِ الَّذِينَ لَا يَجِدُونَ نِكَاحًا﴾ أَيْ: لِيَطْلُبِ الْعِفَّةَ عَنِ الْحَرَامِ وَالزِّنَا الَّذِينَ لَا يَجِدُونَ مَا لَا يَنْكِحُونَ بِهِ لِلصَّدَاقِ وَالنَّفَقَةِ، ﴿حَتَّى يُغْنِيَهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ﴾ أَيْ: يُوَسِّعَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ رِزْقِهِ.

(١) أخرجه أبو داود في النكاح، باب في الولي: ٣ / ٢٦-٢٧، والترمذي في النكاح: ٤ / ٢٢٧-٢٢٩، وقال: "هذا حديث حسن، وقد روى يحيى بن سعيد الأنصاري، ويحيى بن أيوب، وسفيان الثوري، وغير واحد من الحفاظ عن ابن جريج نحو هذا". وأخرجه ابن ماجه في النكاح برقم (١٨٧٩) : ١ / ٦٠٥، وصححه الحاكم: ٢ / ١٦٨ على شرط الشيخين، وابن حبان برقم (١٢٤٨) ، ص (٣٠٥) من موارد الظمآن، والبيهقي: ٧ / ١٠٥، ١٠٧، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٩ / ٣٩. (٢) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب".