Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/193)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Abu al-Hasan al-Sarakhsi informed us; Tahir ibn Ahmad informed us; Abu Mus'ab informed us, from Malik, from Nafi', from Ibn Umar, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “No Muslim who has something to bequeath has the right to spend two nights without having his will written and kept by his head.” (1)

Regarding His saying, “in a fair manner”: that is, he should make the bequest fairly: he should not exceed one third, nor should he make a bequest to the wealthy while leaving the poor. Ibn Mas'ud said: “The bequest is for the neediest, then the next neediest”—that is, the one in greatest need, then the one next in need.

Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Salihi informed us; Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Hiri informed us; Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ruhaym al-Shaybani informed us; Ahmad ibn Hazim ibn Abi Gharazah informed us; Ubayd Allah ibn Musa and Abu Nu'aym informed us, from Sufyan al-Thawri, from Sa'id ibn Ibrahim, from Amir ibn Sa'id, from Sa'd ibn Malik, who said: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, came to visit me while I was ill, and I said, “O Messenger of Allah, may I bequeath all my property?” He said, “No.” I said, “Then half?” He said, “No.” I said, “Then one third?” He said: “One third—and one third is much. Indeed, to leave your heirs wealthy is better than to leave them dependent, begging people with their hands.” 25/A (3)

It is reported from Ibn Abi Mulaykah that a man said to Aishah, may Allah be pleased with her: “I wish to make a bequest.” She said, “How much wealth do you have?” He replied, “Three thousand.” She asked, “How many dependents do you have?” He replied, “Four.” She said: “Allah has only said, ‘if he leaves behind wealth,’ whereas this is a small amount; so leave it for your dependents.” (4)

Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “That I should bequeath one fifth is dearer to me than that I should bequeath one fourth, and that I should bequeath one fourth is dearer to me than that I should bequeath one third. Whoever bequeaths one third has left nothing.” Al-Hasan al-Basri, may Allah have mercy on him, said that one should bequeath one sixth, one fifth, or one fourth. Al-Sha'bi said: “They would only make bequests of one fifth or one fourth.”

Regarding His saying, “a duty”: it is in the accusative as an emphatic verbal noun. It is also said that it is in the accusative as an object; that is, He made the bequest a duty upon the God-fearing.

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari, Book of Wills, chapter: “Wills and the Prophet’s statement that a man’s will should be written and kept with him,” 5:355; Muslim, Book of Wills, no. 1627, 3:1249; and the compiler of Sharh al-Sunnah, 5:277. (2) In manuscript A: Ibn Abi Awzah; the correction follows Sharh al-Sunnah. (3) Narrated by al-Bukhari, Book of Wills, chapter: “That One Leave His Heirs Well-Off Is Better,” 5:363; Muslim, Book of Wills, chapter: “Bequeathing One Third,” no. 1628, 3:1250; and the compiler of Sharh al-Sunnah, 5:282-283. (4) Recorded by Sa'id ibn Mansur, Ibn Abi Shaybah, Ibn al-Mundhir, and al-Bayhaqi. See al-Suyuti, Al-Durr al-Manthur, 1:423.

أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحَسَنِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا طَاهِرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُصْعَبٍ عَنْ مَالِكٍ عَنْ نَافِعٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: "مَا حَقُّ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ لَهُ شَيْءٌ يُوصِي فِيهِ يَبِيتُ لَيْلَتَيْنِ إِلَّا وَوَصِيَّتُهُ مَكْتُوبَةٌ عِنْدَ رَأْسِهِ" (١) . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿بِالْمَعْرُوفِ﴾ يُرِيدُ يُوصِي بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَلَا يَزِيدُ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ وَلَا يُوصِي لِلْغَنِيِّ وَيَدَعُ الْفَقِيرَ، قَالَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ: الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْأَخَلِّ فَالْأَخَلِّ أَيِ الْأَحْوَجِ فَالْأَحْوَجِ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الصَّالِحِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْحِيرِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ رُحَيْمٍ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ حَازِمِ بْنِ أَبِي غَرَزَةَ (٢) أَخْبَرَنَا عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُوسَى وَأَبُو نُعَيْمٍ عَنْ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَنْ عَامِرِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ جَاءَنِي النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَعُودُنِي فَقُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أُوصِي بِمَالِي كُلِّهِ؟ قَالَ لَا قُلْتُ: فَالشَّطْرِ؟ قَالَ لَا قُلْتُ: فَالثُّلُثِ؟ قَالَ: "الثُّلُثُ وَالثُّلُثُ كَثِيرٌ إِنَّكَ أَنْ تَدَعَ وَرَثَتَكَ أَغْنِيَاءَ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَنْ تَدَعَهُمْ عَالَةً يَتَكَفَّفُونَ الناس بأيديهم" ٢٥/أ (٣) . وَعَنِ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ أَنَّ رَجُلًا قَالَ لِعَائِشَةَ ﵂: إِنِّي أُرِيدُ أَنْ أُوصِيَ، قَالَتْ كَمْ مَالُكَ؟ قَالَ: ثَلَاثَةُ آلَافٍ. قَالَتْ كَمْ عِيَالُكَ؟ قَالَ: أَرْبَعَةٌ، قَالَتْ: إِنَّمَا قَالَ اللَّهُ ﴿إِنْ تَرَكَ خَيْرًا﴾ وَإِنَّ هَذَا شَيْءٌ يَسِيرٌ فَاتْرُكْ لِعِيَالِكَ (٤) وَقَالَ عَلَيٌّ ﵁: لَأَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالْخُمْسِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالرُّبْعِ وَلَأَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالرُّبْعِ أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ أُوصِيَ بِالثُّلُثِ فَمَنْ أَوْصَى بِالثُّلُثِ فَلَمْ يَتْرُكْ. وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ ﵁ يُوصِي بِالسُّدْسِ أَوِ الْخُمْسِ أَوِ الرُّبْعِ، وَقَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ إِنَّمَا كَانُوا يُوصُونَ بِالْخُمْسِ أَوِ الرُّبْعِ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿حَقًّا﴾ نُصِبَ عَلَى الْمَصْدَرِ وَقِيلَ عَلَى الْمَفْعُولِ أَيْ جَعَلَ الْوَصِيَّةَ حَقًّا ﴿عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ﴾

(١) رواه البخاري: في الوصايا - باب: الوصايا وقول النبي ﷺ وصية الرجل مكتوبة عنده ٥ / ٣٥٥. ومسلم: في الوصية: برقم (١٦٢٧) ٣ / ١٢٤٩. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٥ / ٢٧٧. (٢) في أ: ابن أبي عوزة والتصحيح من شرح السنة. (٣) رواه البخاري: في الوصايا - باب أن يترك ورثته أغنياء خير ... ٥ / ٣٦٣. ومسلم: في الوصية - باب الوصية بالثلث برقم (١٦٢٨) ٣ / ١٢٥٠. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٥ / ٢٨٢-٢٨٣. (٤) أخرجه سعيد بن منصور وابن أبي شيبة وابن المنذر والبيهقي (الدر المنثور للسيوطي ١ / ٤٢٣) .