Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/192)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

he will be killed, he refrains from killing; thus, his own life is preserved, as is the life of the person whom he had intended to kill. It is said in the proverb: “Killing has reduced killing.” And it is said in the proverb: “Killing is more effective in eliminating killing.” It has also been said that the meaning of life is his safety from retribution in the Hereafter: for if retribution is exacted from him, he will live in the Hereafter; but if retribution is not exacted from him in this world, it will be exacted from him in the Hereafter. “O people of understanding, so that you may be mindful of Allah”: that is, so that you may desist from killing out of fear of being executed in retribution.

“Prescribed for you, when death approaches one of you, if he leaves behind wealth, is a bequest for parents and close relatives in a fair manner—a duty upon the God-fearing. (180)”

Regarding His saying, “Prescribed for you”: that is, made obligatory for you. “When death approaches one of you”: that is, when the causes and signs of death come upon him, in the form of ailments and illnesses. “If he leaves behind wealth”: that is, property, as in His saying, “Whatever good you spend” (al-Baqarah, 272). “A bequest for parents and close relatives”: at the beginning of Islam, making a bequest for parents and close relatives was an obligation upon one who died leaving property; then it was abrogated by the verse on inheritance. (1)

Imam Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Qadi informed us; Abu Tahir Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmash al-Ziyadi informed us; Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Hafs al-Tajir informed us; Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn al-Walid informed us; al-Haytham ibn Jamil informed us; Hammad ibn Salamah informed us, from Qatadah, from Shahr ibn Hawshab, from Abd al-Rahman ibn Ghanm, from Amr ibn Kharijah, who said: I was holding the rein of the Prophet’s she-camel when he, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Allah has granted every person entitled to a right his right; therefore, there is no bequest for an heir.” (2)

A group held that its obligatory status was abrogated with respect to relatives who inherit, while its obligatory status remained with respect to parents and relatives who do not inherit. This was the view of Ibn Abbas, Tawus, Qatadah, and al-Hasan. Tawus said: “If someone makes a bequest to people whom he has named, while leaving his needy relatives, it is taken from them and returned to his relatives.” Most scholars held that its obligatory status was abrogated with respect to everyone, while it remains binding in the case of those who do not inherit.

(1) See Abu al-Qasim ibn Salamah, Al-Nasikh wa-al-Mansukh (The Abrogating and the Abrogated), p. 16; al-Jassas, Ahkam al-Quran, 1:203-207. (2) A sound hadith narrated by Abu Dawud, Book of Bequests, chapter: “Bequest to an Heir,” 4:150; al-Tirmidhi, Book of Bequests, chapter: “What Has Been Narrated Regarding ‘There Is No Bequest for an Heir,’” 6:309, who said: “A fair and sound hadith”; al-Nasa'i, Book of Bequests, 6:247; Ibn Majah, Book of Bequests, nos. 2712 and 2714, 2:905-906; and Ahmad, 4:186 and 5:267, on the authority of Amr ibn Kharijah, with part of a hadith from Abu Umamah al-Bahili. It is also cited by the compiler of Sharh al-Sunnah, 5:288-289. Related reports are narrated from Ibn Abbas, Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As, Jabir, Zayd ibn Arqam, Ali, Kharijah ibn Amr al-Jumahi, and al-Bara. See Nasb al-Rayah, 4:403, 405.

يُقْتَلُ يَمْتَنِعُ عَنِ الْقَتْلِ، فَيَكُونُ فِيهِ بَقَاؤُهُ وَبَقَاءُ مَنْ هَمَّ بِقَتْلِهِ، وَقِيلَ فِي الْمَثَلِ: "الْقَتْلُ قَلَّلَ الْقَتْلَ" وَقِيلَ فِي الْمَثَلِ: "الْقَتْلُ أَنْفَى لِلْقَتْلِ" وَقِيلَ مَعْنَى الْحَيَاةِ سَلَامَتُهُ مِنْ قِصَاصِ الْآخِرَةِ، فَإِنَّهُ إِذَا اقتص منه حيي فِي الْآخِرَةِ وَإِذَا لَمْ يُقْتَصَّ مِنْهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا اقْتُصَّ مِنْهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ ﴿يَا أُولِي الْأَلْبَابِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ﴾ أَيْ تَنْتَهُونَ عَنِ الْقَتْلِ مَخَافَةَ الْقَوَدِ. ﴿كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ إِنْ تَرَكَ خَيْرًا الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ حَقًّا عَلَى الْمُتَّقِينَ (١٨٠) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ﴾ أَيْ فُرِضَ عَلَيْكُمْ ﴿إِذَا حَضَرَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ﴾ أَيْ جَاءَهُ أَسْبَابُ الْمَوْتِ وَآثَارُهُ مِنَ الْعِلَلِ وَالْأَمْرَاضِ ﴿إِنْ تَرَكَ خَيْرًا﴾ أَيْ مَالًا نَظِيرُهُ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى "وَمَا تُنْفِقُوا مِنْ خَيْرٍ" (٢٧٢-الْبَقَرَةِ) ﴿الْوَصِيَّةُ لِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ﴾ كَانَتِ الْوَصِيَّةُ فَرِيضَةً فِي ابْتِدَاءِ الْإِسْلَامِ لِلْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقْرَبِينَ عَلَى مَنْ مَاتَ وَلَهُ مَالٌ ثُمَّ نُسِخَتْ بِآيَةِ الْمِيرَاثِ (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا الْإِمَامُ أَبُو عَلِيٍّ الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ الْقَاضِي أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو طَاهِرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَحْمِشٍ الزِّيَادِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ حَفْصٍ التَّاجِرُ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ أَخْبَرَنَا الْهَيْثَمُ بْنُ جَمِيلٍ أَخْبَرَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ عَنْ قَتَادَةَ عَنْ شَهْرِ بْنِ حَوْشَبٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ غَنْمٍ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ خَارِجَةَ قَالَ: كُنْتُ آخِذًا بِزِمَامِ نَاقَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: "إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَعْطَى كُلَّ ذِي حَقٍّ حَقَّهُ وَلَا وَصِيَّةَ لِوَارِثٍ" (٢) فَذَهَبَ جَمَاعَةٌ إِلَى أَنَّ وُجُوبَهَا صَارَ مَنْسُوخًا فِي حَقِّ الْأَقَارِبِ الَّذِينَ يَرِثُونَ وَبَقِيَ وُجُوبُهَا فِي حَقِّ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرِثُونَ مِنَ الْوَالِدَيْنِ وَالْأَقَارِبِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ ابن عباس وطاووس وَقَتَادَةَ والحسن قال طاووس: مَنْ أَوْصَى لِقَوْمٍ سَمَّاهُمْ وَتَرَكَ ذَوِي قَرَابَتِهِ مُحْتَاجِينَ انْتُزِعَتْ مِنْهُمْ وَرُدَّتْ إِلَى ذَوِي قَرَابَتِهِ، وَذَهَبَ الْأَكْثَرُونَ إِلَى أَنَّ الْوُجُوبَ صَارَ مَنْسُوخًا فِي حَقِّ الْكَافَّةِ وَهِيَ حَتْمِيَّةٌ فِي حَقِّ الَّذِينَ لَا يَرِثُونَ.

(١) انظر: الناسخ والمنسوخ لأبي القاسم بن سلامة ص (١٦) ، أحكام القرآن للجصاص: ١ / ٢٠٣-٢٠٧. (٢) حديث صحيح رواه أبو داود: في الوصايا: باب - في الوصية للوارث: ٤ / ١٥٠. والترمذي: في الوصايا - باب: ما جاء لا وصية لوارث: ٦ / ٣٠٩. وقال حديث حسن صحيح. والنسائي: في الوصايا: ٦ / ٢٤٧. وابن ماجه: في الوصايا: ٢٧١٢و٢٧١٤-٢ / ٩٠٥-٩٠٦. وأحمد: ٤ / ١٨٦-٥ / ٢٦٧ عن عمرو بن خارجة وجزء من حديث عن أبي أمامة الباهلي. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٥ / ٢٨٨-٢٨٩. وفي الباب عن ابن عباس، وعن عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص وعن جابر، وعن زيد بن أرقم وعن علي، وعن خارجة بن عمرو الجمحي وعن البراء. انظر نصب الراية ٤ / ٤٠٣،٤٠٥.