Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (5/389)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

being prevented, so Allah gave them permission to fight the disbelievers who were preventing them from emigrating (1). The words, “because they had been wronged,” mean: because of the wrongdoing inflicted upon them, as they had been assaulted and harmed. “And indeed, Allah is fully able to grant them victory.”

“Those who were expelled from their homes without right, only because they said, ‘Our Lord is Allah.’ Were it not for Allah’s repelling some people by means of others, monasteries, churches, synagogues, and mosques—in which Allah’s name is mentioned abundantly—would have been demolished. And Allah will surely support those who support Him. Indeed, Allah is All-Strong, Almighty. (40) Those who, if We establish them in the land, maintain the prayer, give zakah, enjoin what is right, and forbid what is wrong. And to Allah belongs the outcome of all affairs. (41)”

“Those who were expelled from their homes without right” is in apposition to the first phrase, “those who.” “Only because they said, ‘Our Lord is Allah,’” means that they were expelled from their homes solely because they said, “Our Lord is Allah alone.”

“Were it not for Allah’s repelling some people by means of others”—through jihad and the enforcement of prescribed punishments—“would have been demolished.” The reciters of the Hijaz read it with an ungeminated dal, while the others read it with a geminated dal to indicate abundance. The ungeminated form may be used for either a small amount or abundance, whereas the geminated form is specifically for abundance.

“Monasteries”: Mujahid and al-Dahhak said that these are the monasteries of monks. Qatadah said: the monasteries of the Sabians. “Churches” refers to the churches of the Christians; it is the plural of a word meaning a Christian church. “Synagogues” means the places of worship of the Jews, which they call ṣalūthā in Hebrew. “And mosques in which Allah’s name is mentioned abundantly” means the mosques of the Muslims from the community of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him.

The meaning of the verse is that, were it not for Allah’s repelling some people by means of others, the place of worship prescribed in the law of every prophet would have been destroyed: in the time of Moses, the synagogues; in the time of Jesus, the churches and monasteries; and in the time of Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, the mosques.

Ibn Zayd said that by “synagogues” He meant the prayers of the people of Islam, for they are interrupted when the enemy attacks them.

“And Allah will surely support those who support Him,” that is, those who support His religion and His Prophet. “Indeed, Allah is All-Strong, Almighty.” “Those who, if We establish them in the land, maintain the prayer, give zakah, enjoin what is right, and forbid what is wrong”: al-Zajjaj said, “This describes those who support Him.” The meaning of “if We establish them in the land” is: We grant them victory over their enemy until

(1) Al-Suyuti attributed it in 6/57 to Ibn Abi Shaybah, Abd ibn Humayd, Ibn al-Mundhir, Ibn Abi Hatim, and al-Bayhaqi in Dala'il al-Nubuwwah.

يُمْنَعُونَ فَأَذِنَ اللَّهُ لَهُمْ فِي قِتَالِ الْكُفَّارِ الَّذِينَ يَمْنَعُونَهُمْ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ (١) ﴿بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا﴾ أَيْ: بِسَبَبِ ما ظلموا، واعتدوا عَلَيْهِمْ بِالْإِيذَاءِ، ﴿وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ﴾ ﴿الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَهُدِّمَتْ صَوَامِعُ وَبِيَعٌ وَصَلَوَاتٌ وَمَسَاجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيرًا وَلَيَنْصُرَنَّ اللَّهُ مَنْ يَنْصُرُهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ (٤٠) الَّذِينَ إِنْ مَكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الْأُمُورِ (٤١) ﴾ ﴿الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ﴾ بَدَلٌ "عَنِ الَّذِينَ" الْأُولَى ﴿إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ﴾ أَيْ: لَمْ يُخْرَجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ إِلَّا لِقَوْلِهِمْ رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ. ﴿وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ﴾ بِالْجِهَادِ وَإِقَامَةِ الْحُدُودِ، ﴿لَهُدِّمَتْ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْحِجَازِ بِتَخْفِيفِ الدَّالِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالتَّشْدِيدِ عَلَى التَّكْثِيرِ، فَالتَّخْفِيفُ يَكُونُ لِلْقَلِيلِ وَالتَّكْثِيرُ، وَالتَّشْدِيدُ يَخْتَصُّ بِالتَّكْثِيرِ، ﴿صَوَامِعُ﴾ قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَالضَّحَّاكُ: يَعْنِي: صَوَامِعُ الرُّهْبَانِ. وَقَالَ قَتَادَةُ: صَوَامِعُ الصَّابِئِينَ، ﴿وَبِيَعٌ﴾ بِيَعُ النَّصَارَى جَمْعُ "بَيْعَةٍ" وَهِيَ كَنِيسَةُ النَّصَارَى، ﴿وَصَلَوَاتٌ﴾ يَعْنِي كَنَائِسَ الْيَهُودِ، وَيُسَمُّونَهَا بِالْعِبْرَانِيَّةِ صَلُوتَا، ﴿وَمَسَاجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيرًا﴾ يَعْنِي مَسَاجِدَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ أُمَّةِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ. وَمَعْنَى الْآيَةِ: وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَهُدِمَ فِي شَرِيعَةِ كُلِّ نَبِيٍّ مَكَانُ صَلَاتِهِمْ، لَهُدِمَ فِي زَمَنِ مُوسَى الْكَنَائِسُ، وَفِي زَمَنِ عِيسَى الْبِيَعُ وَالصَّوَامِعُ، وَفِي زَمَنِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ الْمَسَاجِدُ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ زَيْدٍ: أَرَادَ بِالصَّلَوَاتِ صَلَوَاتِ أَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، فَإِنَّهَا تَنْقَطِعُ إِذَا دَخَلَ الْعَدُوُّ عَلَيْهِمْ. ﴿وَلَيَنْصُرَنَّ اللَّهُ مَنْ يَنْصُرُهُ﴾ أَيْ: يَنْصُرُ دِينَهُ وَنَبِيَّهُ، ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ﴾ ﴿الَّذِينَ إِنْ مَكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ﴾ قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: هَذَا مِنْ صِفَةِ نَاصِرِيهِ، وَمَعْنَى "مَكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ": نَصَرْنَاهُمْ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ حَتَّى

(١) عزاه السيوطي: ٦ / ٥٧ لابن أبي شيبة وعبد بن حميد وابن المنذر وابن أبي حاتم والبيهقي في الدلائل.