Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (5/388)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Permission to fight has been granted to those who are being fought, because they have been wronged. And indeed, Allah is fully able to grant them victory. (39)”

Allah’s saying: “Indeed, Allah defends those who believe.” Ibn Kathir and the scholars of Basra recited it as “Allah repels,” while the others recited “Allah defends,” with an alif. That is, He repels the harm of the polytheists from the believers and restrains them from harming the believers.

“Indeed, Allah does not love any treacherous ingrate”: that is, one who betrays Allah’s trust and is ungrateful for His blessing. Ibn Abbas said: “They betrayed Allah by ascribing a partner to Him and showed ingratitude for His blessings.” Al-Zajjaj said: “Whoever offers a sacrifice in devotion to idols and mentions upon it the name of other than Allah is treacherous and ungrateful.”

Allah’s saying: “Permission to fight has been granted to those who are being fought, because they have been wronged.” ⦗27/b⦘ The scholars of Medina and Basra, as well as Asim, recited “permission has been granted” with a dammah on the initial alif; the rest recited it with a fathah, meaning: Allah has granted permission. Regarding “those who fight,” the scholars of Medina, Ibn Amir, and Hafs recited “those who are fought,” with a fathah on the ta—that is, the believers whom the polytheists fight. The others recited it with a kasrah on the ta, meaning those who were granted permission for jihad: they fight the polytheists.

The commentators said: The polytheists of Mecca used to persecute the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. They would repeatedly come to him in distress—some having been beaten and others wounded on the head—and complain of this to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. He would say to them, “Be patient, for I have not been commanded to fight.” Then, when the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, emigrated, Allah revealed this verse (1). It was the first verse in which Allah granted permission to fight, and it was revealed in Medina.

Mujahid said: This verse was revealed concerning particular people who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, and they were

(1) Ibn Hajar said in al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 113: “I have not found it in this wording.” Al-Wahidi attributed it in al-Wasit to the exegetes. Ibn Hajar said: “It is derived from several reports, the closest of which is that recorded by Ibn Abi Hatim, through Bukayr ibn Maruf, from Muqatil ibn Hayyan, regarding the verse: ‘Permission has been granted to those who are being fought because they have been wronged.’ The polytheists of Mecca used to harm the Muslims in Mecca, so they sought the Prophet’s permission, peace be upon him, to fight them there. The Prophet forbade them from doing so. When the Prophet migrated to Medina, Allah revealed to him: ‘Permission has been granted to those who are being fought because they have been wronged.’”

﴿أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ (٣٩) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُدَافِعُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا﴾ قَرَأَ ابْنُ كَثِيرٍ وَأَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ: "يَدْفَعُ"، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ: "يُدَافِعُ" بِالْأَلِفِ، يُرِيدُ: يَدْفَعُ غَائِلَةَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَيَمْنَعُهُمْ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ كُلَّ خَوَّانٍ كَفُورٍ﴾ أَيْ: خَوَّانٍ فِي أَمَانَةِ اللَّهِ كَفُورٍ لِنِعْمَتِهِ، قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: خَانُوا اللَّهَ فَجَعَلُوا مَعَهُ شَرِيكًا وَكَفَرُوا نِعَمَهُ. قَالَ الزَّجَّاجُ: مَنْ تَقَرَّبَ إِلَى الْأَصْنَامِ بِذَبِيحَتِهِ وذكر عليها اسم غَيْرَ اللَّهِ فَهُوَ خَوَّانٌ كَفُورٌ. قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا﴾ ٢٧/ب قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ وَالْبَصْرَةِ وَعَاصِمٌ: "أُذِنَ" بِضَمِّ الْأَلِفِ وَالْبَاقُونَ بِفَتْحِهَا، أَيْ: أَذِنَ اللَّهُ، "لِلَّذِينِ يُقَاتِلُونَ"، قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ وَابْنُ عَامِرٍ وَحَفْصٌ "يُقَاتَلُونَ" بِفَتْحِ التَّاءِ يَعْنِي الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُهُمُ الْمُشْرِكُونَ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِكَسْرِ التَّاءِ يَعْنِي الَّذِينَ أُذِنَ لَهُمْ بِالْجِهَادِ "يُقَاتِلُونَ" الْمُشْرِكِينَ. قَالَ الْمُفَسِّرُونَ: كَانَ مُشْرِكُو أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ يُؤْذُونَ أَصْحَابَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَلَا يَزَالُونَ مَحْزُونِينَ مِنْ بَيْنِ مَضْرُوبٍ وَمَشْجُوجٍ، وَيَشْكُونَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَيَقُولُ لَهُمُ: اصْبِرُوا فإني لم أومر بِالْقِتَالِ، حَتَّى هَاجَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ ﷿ هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ (١) وَهِيَ أَوَّلُ آيَةٍ أَذِنَ اللَّهُ فِيهَا بِالْقِتَالِ، فَنَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي قَوْمٍ بِأَعْيَانِهِمْ خَرَجُوا مُهَاجِرِينَ مِنْ مَكَّةَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَكَانُوا

(١) قال ابن حجر في الكافي الشاف ص (١١٣) : لم أجده هكذا. وعزاه الواحدي في الوسيط للمفسرين، قلت - ابن حجر -: هو منتزع من أحاديث، أقربها ما أخرجه ابن أبي حاتم من طريق بكير بن معروف عن مقاتل بن حيان قوله (أذن للذين يقاتلون بأنهم ظلموا) وذلك أن مشركي أهل مكة كانوا يؤذون المسلمين بمكة، فاستأذنوا النبي ﷺ في قتالهم بمكة، فنهاهم النبي ﷺ عن ذلك، فلما خرج النبي ﷺ إلى المدينة أنزل الله عليه: (أذن للذين يقاتلون بأنهم ظلموا) .