Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (1/190)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

by Him who created the grain and brought the human soul into being—except for an understanding of the Quran that Allah grants to a servant, and what is contained in this document.” I asked, “And what does this document contain?” He replied, “The payment of blood-money, the freeing of captives, and that a believer is not executed in retribution for an unbeliever.” (1)

It is narrated from Ibn Abbas that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Prescribed punishments are not to be carried out in mosques, nor is a parent executed in retribution for his child.” (2)

Al-Sha‘bi, al-Nakha‘i, and the proponents of legal opinion held that a Muslim is executed for a protected non-Muslim subject, and that a free person is executed for a slave. The hadith is evidence for those who do not hold that legal retribution is due from a Muslim for killing a protected non-Muslim subject. A group may be executed for one person.

It is narrated from Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyib that Umar ibn al-Khattab executed seven—or five—men for one man whom they had treacherously killed. He said, “Had all the people of San‘a conspired against him, I would have executed them all for him.” (3)

Legal retribution applies to limbs just as it applies to lives, with one exception: a healthy, sound person is executed for a chronically ill person; but in cases involving limbs, if someone cuts off a paralysed hand, or a hand missing a finger, his own healthy, complete hand is not cut off in retribution. The proponents of legal opinion held that retribution for limbs applies only between two free men or two free women, and does not apply between a male and a female, between slaves, or between a free person and a slave. According to the others, the ruling of a limb in legal retribution is analogous to that of a life. (4)

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Na‘imi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il informed us; Abd Allah ibn Munir informed us that he heard Abd Allah ibn Bakr al-Sahmi say: Humayd informed us, from Anas ibn al-Nadr, that al-Rubayyi‘, his paternal aunt, broke the incisor of a young girl. They asked them to pardon her, but they refused. They offered financial compensation, (5) but they refused. So they came to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and would accept nothing but legal retribution. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, therefore ordered legal retribution.

Anas ibn al-Nadr said, “O Messenger of Allah, shall al-Rubayyi‘’s incisor be broken? No, by Him who sent you with the truth, her incisor shall not be broken.” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “O Anas, the Book of Allah prescribes legal retribution.” Then the people were satisfied and pardoned her. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Among Allah’s servants are those who, if they were to swear by Allah, He would surely fulfil their oath.” (6)

(1) Al-Bukhari, Book of Blood Money, chapter: “A Muslim Is Not Killed for a Disbeliever,” 12:260; Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:171. (2) Abu Dawud, Book of Legal Punishments, chapter: “Carrying Out a Legal Punishment in the Mosque,” 6:292, from Hakim ibn Hizam, with the wording: “The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, forbade retaliation from being carried out in the mosque, poetry from being recited therein, and legal punishments from being executed therein.” Al-Mundhiri said: Its chain includes Muhammad ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Muhajir al-Shuaythi al-Nasri al-Dimashqi. More than one scholar declared him trustworthy, while Abu Hatim al-Razi said: “His hadith may be recorded, but it is not relied upon as proof.” Al-Tirmidhi, Book of Blood Money, chapter: “What Has Been Reported Regarding Whether a Man Who Kills His Son Is Subject to Retaliation,” 4:656. He said: “We know this hadith as a Prophetic report through this chain only from the narration of Ismail ibn Muslim al-Makki; some scholars criticized Ismail on account of his memory.” Ibn Majah, Book of Blood Money, 2:888; al-Darimi, Book of Blood Money, 2:190; authenticated by al-Hakim, 4:369; and al-Bayhaqi, al-Sunan, 8:39. (3) Al-Bukhari, Book of Blood Money, chapter: “When a Group Injures a Man,” 12:226-227; Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:182-183. (4) See Ahkam al-Quran by al-Jassas, 1:171 ff. (5) Arsh: financial compensation for an injury. (6) Al-Bukhari, Book of Reconciliation, chapter: “Settlement Concerning Blood Money,” 5:306; Sharh al-Sunnah, 10:166.

وَالَّذِي خَلَقَ الْحَبَّةَ وَبَرَأَ النَّسَمَةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يُؤْتِيَ اللَّهُ عَبَدًا فَهْمًا فِي الْقُرْآنِ وَمَا فِي هَذِهِ الصَّحِيفَةِ، قُلْتُ وَمَا فِي هَذِهِ الصَّحِيفَةِ؟ قَالَ: الْعَقْلُ وَفِكَاكُ الْأَسِيرِ وَلَا يُقْتَلُ مُؤْمِنٌ بِكَافِرٍ" (١) . وَرُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَا تُقَامُ الْحُدُودُ فِي الْمَسَاجِدِ، وَلَا يُقَادُ بِالْوَلَدِ الْوَالِدُ" (٢) . وَذَهَبَ الشَّعْبِيُّ وَالنَّخَعِيُّ وَأَصْحَابُ الرَّأْيِ إِلَى أَنَّ الْمُسْلِمَ يُقْتَلُ بِالذِّمِّيِّ، وَإِلَى أَنَّ الْحُرَّ يُقْتَلُ بِالْعَبْدِ، وَالْحَدِيثُ حُجَّةٌ لِمَنْ لَمْ يُوجِبِ الْقِصَاصَ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِ بِقَتْلِ الذِّمِّيِّ، وَتُقْتَلُ الْجَمَاعَةُ بِالْوَاحِدِ. "رُوِيَ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيَّبِ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخِطَّابِ قَتَلَ سَبْعَةً أَوْ خَمْسَةً بِرَجُلٍ قَتَلُوهُ غِيلَةً، وَقَالَ لَوْ تَمَالَأَ عَلَيْهِ أَهْلُ صَنْعَاءَ لَقَتَلْتُهُمْ بِهِ جَمِيعًا" (٣) وَيَجْرِي الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْأَطْرَافِ كَمَا يَجْرِي فِي النُّفُوسِ إِلَّا فِي شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ وَهُوَ أَنَّ الصَّحِيحَ السَّوِيَّ يُقْتَلُ بِالْمَرِيضِ الزَّمِنِ، وَفِي الْأَطْرَافِ لَوْ قَطَعَ يَدًا شَلَّاءَ أَوْ نَاقِصَةً بِأُصْبُعٍ لَا تُقْطَعُ بِهَا الصَّحِيحَةُ الْكَامِلَةُ، وَذَهَبَ أَصْحَابُ الرَّأْيِ إِلَى أَنَّ الْقِصَاصَ فِي الْأَطْرَافِ لَا يَجْرِي إِلَّا بَيْنَ حُرَّيْنِ أَوْ حُرَّتَيْنِ وَلَا يَجْرِي بَيْنَ الذَّكَرِ وَالْأُنْثَى وَلَا بَيْنَ الْعَبِيدِ وَلَا بَيْنَ الْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدِ، وَعِنْدَ الْآخَرِينَ الطَّرَفُ فِي الْقِصَاصِ مَقِيسٌ عَلَى النَّفْسِ (٤) . أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَلِيحِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُنِيرٍ أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ بَكْرٍ السَّهْمِيَّ أَخْبَرَنَا حُمَيْدٌ عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ النَّضْرِ أَنَّ الرُّبَيِّعَ عَمَّتَهُ كَسَرَتْ ثَنِيَّةَ جَارِيَةٍ، فَطَلَبُوا إِلَيْهَا الْعَفْوَ، فَأَبَوْا فَعَرَضُوا الْأَرْشَ (٥) فَأَبَوْا فَأَتَوْا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَبَوْا إِلَّا الْقِصَاصَ، فَأَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِالْقِصَاصِ، فَقَالَ أَنَسُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَتُكْسَرُ ثَنِيَّةُ الرُّبَيِّعِ لَا وَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ لَا تُكْسَرُ ثَنِيَّتُهَا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "يَا أَنَسُ كِتَابُ اللَّهِ الْقِصَاصُ" فَرَضِيَ الْقَوْمُ فَعَفَوْا، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ "إِنَّ مِنْ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ مَنْ لَوْ أَقْسَمَ عَلَى اللَّهِ لَأَبَرَّهُ" (٦) .

(١) البخاري: في الديات - باب: لا يقتل مسلم بالكافر: ١٢ / ٢٦٠. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ١٧١. (٢) أخرجه أبو داود: في الحدود - باب: في إقامة الحد في المسجد: ٦ / ٢٩٢ عن حكيم بن حزام بلفظ: (نهى رسول الله ﷺ أن يستقاد في المسجد، وأن تنشد فيه الأشعار وأن تقام فيه الحدود) قال المنذري: في إسناده محمد بن عبد الله بن المهاجر الشعيثي النصري الدمشقي: وثقة غير واحد وقال أبو حاتم الرازي: يكتب حديثه ولا يحتج به. الترمذي: في الديات - باب: ما جاء في الرجل يقتل ابنه يقاد منه أم لا ٤ / ٦٥٦ وقال: هذا حديث لا نعرفه بهذا الإسناد مرفوعا إلا من حديث إسماعيل بن مسلم المكي وإسماعيل تكلم فيه بعض أهل العلم من قبل حفظه. وابن ماجه في الديات: ٢ / ٨٨٨، والدارمي في الديات: ٢ / ١٩٠، وصححه الحاكم: ٤ / ٣٦٩، والبيهقي في السنن: ٨ / ٣٩. (٣) رواه البخاري: في الديات - باب: إذا أصاب قوم من رجل ١٢ / ٢٢٦-٢٢٧. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ١٨٢-١٨٣. (٤) انظر: أحكام القرآن للجصاص ١ / ١٧١ وما بعدها. (٥) الأرش: دية الجراحة. (٦) رواه البخاري في الصلح - باب الصلح في الدية ٥ / ٣٠٦. والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٠ / ١٦٦.