“And We gave Moses the Scripture and made it a guidance for the Children of Israel: ‘Do not take, apart from Me, any guardian.’ (2) O descendants of those whom We carried with Noah—indeed, he was a most grateful servant. (3) And We decreed to the Children of Israel in the Scripture: ‘You will surely spread corruption in the land twice, and you will surely rise to great heights of arrogance.’ (4)
Allah Most High says, “And We gave Moses the Scripture and made it a guidance for the Children of Israel: ‘Do not’”—that is, that you should not—“take, apart from Me, any guardian,” as a lord and protector.
Abu Amr recited it, “that they should not take,” with the third-person form, because it is a statement concerning them. The others recited it in the second-person form, meaning: We said to them, “Do not take.” “O descendants of those whom We carried with Noah”: Mujahid said that this is a vocative address, meaning, “O descendants of those whom We carried with Noah” in the Ark, and thus saved them from the Flood. “Indeed, he was a most grateful servant”: whenever Noah, peace be upon him, ate food, drank a drink, or put on a garment, he would say, “Praise be to Allah.” Thus he was called a most grateful servant (1)—that is, one who was abundant in gratitude.
Allah Most High says: “And We decreed to the Children of Israel in the Scripture,” and the verses that follow.
Sufyan ibn Sa'id al-Thawri narrated from Mansur ibn al-Mu'tamir, from Rib'i ibn Hirash, from Hudhayfah, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him (2), said: “When the Children of Israel transgressed and killed the prophets, Allah sent against them a Persian king—”
(1) Ibn Jarir related it, 15:19, from Salman, Mujahid, Qatada, and others. Al-Hakim graded it authentic according to the criteria of al-Bukhari and Muslim, 2:360. Al-Suyuti also cites a number of reports on this matter; see al-Durr al-Manthur, 5:236-237. Imam Ahmad, Muslim, al-Tirmidhi, and al-Nasa'i narrated from Anas that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Allah is pleased with a servant who eats a meal or drinks a drink and praises Allah for it.” Al-Bukhari also narrates from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said in the hadith of intercession: “I am the master of the children of Adam on the Day of Resurrection ...” It further states: “Then they will go to Noah and say: ‘O Noah, you were the first messenger sent to the people of the earth, and Allah named you a grateful servant. Intercede for us with your Lord.’” He then mentioned the hadith in full.
(2) Related by al-Tabari; see Tafsir al-Tabari, 15:22-43; Tarikh al-Tabari, 1:532-557; and al-Durr al-Manthur, 5:243-244. The many reports cited by the author concerning those set over the Children of Israel are Isra'iliyyat (reports of Jewish and Christian origin) and fabricated narrations. They contain astonishing tales, strange claims, and exaggerations that are not credible, although some of them may possibly be true. Ibn Jarir transmitted many of them from Ibn Ishaq, who explicitly identifies the People of the Book and states, “They say such-and-such,” or, “They have such-and-such.” We have no need for any of these reports.
Ibn Kathir made the following valuable comment on these reports: “The exegetes among the earlier and later scholars differed concerning those set over them: who were they? Ibn Abbas and Qatada held that it was Goliath and his troops. Sa'id ibn Jubayr held that it was Sinjarib, the king of Mosul, and his troops; and another report from him states that it was Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Ibn Abi Hatim related a strange account of how he rose from one condition to another until he came to rule the lands ...”
Ibn Kathir then said: “At this point, Ibn Jarir narrated a lengthy marfu' report, tracing it to Hudhayfah—the very hadith cited here by al-Baghawi. It is unquestionably fabricated; anyone with even the slightest knowledge of hadith would have no doubt about this. What is truly astonishing is how such a report could have deceived him despite his great standing and leadership. Our shaykh, the hadith master and eminent scholar Abu al-Hajjaj al-Mizzi, explicitly declared it a fabricated lie and wrote this in the margin of the book.”
Referring to the remaining reports, he further said: “Many Isra'ili reports have also been transmitted concerning this, but I have not lengthened the book by mentioning them, because some are fabricated, invented by some of their heretics, while others may possibly be authentic. We have no need of them, praise be to Allah. What Allah has related to us in His Book renders us independent of all other preceding books; Allah and His Messenger have not made us dependent on them. Allah has informed us that, when they transgressed and rebelled, He set their enemy over them, who overran their land, marched through their homes, humiliated and subdued them—a fitting recompense. Your Lord is never unjust to His servants, for they had become defiant and had killed many prophets and scholars. Ibn Jarir narrated with his chain from Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, who said: Nebuchadnezzar conquered al-Sham, destroyed Bayt al-Maqdis, and killed them. He then came to Damascus and found blood boiling upon a heap. He asked them, ‘What is this blood?’ ... He killed seventy thousand Muslims and others because of that blood, until it subsided. This report is authentic up to Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib. This is the well-known account: he killed their nobles and scholars, until no one remained who had memorized the Torah, and he took captive with him descendants of the prophets and others. Many events then took place, the mention of which would be lengthy. Had we found anything authentic, or close to authentic, it would have been permissible to record and narrate it. And Allah knows best.” See also Israeli Traditions and Fabricated Reports, by Shaykh Muhammad Abu Shahbah, pp. 327-334.