Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (5/45)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Allah Most High said, refuting them: “The language of the one to whom they allude is foreign,” meaning, the one toward whom they incline and whom they point out, “whereas this is a clear Arabic tongue.” The term aʿjamī refers to one who does not speak eloquently, even if he lives in the desert; whereas ʿajamī refers to one belonging to the non-Arabs, even if he is eloquent. An aʿrābī is a Bedouin, while an ʿarabī is one belonging to the Arabs, even if he is not eloquent. By “tongue,” He meant the Quran, for the Arabs call a language a tongue. It is related that the man to whom they were referring embraced Islam and became a good Muslim.

“Indeed, those who do not believe in the verses of Allah—Allah will not guide them, and theirs will be a painful punishment. It is only those who do not believe in the verses of Allah who fabricate lies, and it is they who are the liars. Whoever disbelieves in Allah after having believed—except one who is compelled while his heart remains secure in faith—but whoever opens his breast to disbelief: upon them is wrath from Allah, and for them is a tremendous punishment.” (104–106)

“Indeed, those who do not believe in the verses of Allah—Allah will not guide them”: Allah will not direct them aright; “and theirs will be a painful punishment.” Allah Most High then informed us that it is the disbelievers who fabricate lies. Thus He said: “It is only those who do not believe in the verses of Allah who fabricate lies, and it is they who are the liars”—not Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him.

If it is asked: He said, “It is only those who do not believe who fabricate lies”; what, then, is the meaning of His saying, “and it is they who are the liars”? The answer is that “they fabricate lies” reports their action, whereas “they are the liars” is an inherent attribute of theirs. It is like one person saying to another, “You have lied, and you are a liar”—that is, you have lied in this statement, and lying is your habitual practice.

Abu Sa‘id al-Shurayhi informed us; Abu Ishaq al-Tha‘labi informed us; Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ahmad al-Jawhari informed us; my grandfather, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Hafs, informed us; Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Faraj al-Azraq related to us; Sa‘id ibn Abd al-Hamid ibn Ja‘far related to us; Ya‘la ibn al-Ashdaq related to us, from Abdullah ibn Jarad, who said: I said, “O Messenger of Allah, can a believer commit adultery?” He said, “That may occur.” I said, “Can a believer steal?” He said, “That may occur.” I said, “Can a believer lie?” He said, “No.” Allah said: “It is only those who do not believe in the verses of Allah who fabricate lies.” (1)

“Whoever disbelieves in Allah after having believed—except one who is compelled”: Ibn Abbas said: This verse was revealed concerning Ammar. The polytheists seized him, his father Yasir, his mother Sumayyah, Suhayb, Bilal, Khabbab, and Salim, and tortured them. As for Sumayyah, she was tied between two camels, and her private parts were pierced

(1) Reported by al-Khara'iti in Masawi al-Akhlaq, p. 69, ed. Abu al-Nasr Shalabi. In al-Durr al-Manthur, 5:168, al-Suyuti attributed it to Ibn Asakir in his Tarikh. Its chain includes Ya'la ibn al-Ashdaq al-Uqayli. Abu Hatim said: “He is worthless and weak in hadith.” Ibn Hibban said: “It is never permissible to narrate from him or to cite him as evidence.” See al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil, 9:303; Ibn Hibban, al-Majruhin, 3:142.

قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى تَكْذِيبًا لَهُمْ: ﴿لِسَانُ الَّذِي يُلْحِدُونَ إِلَيْهِ﴾ أَيْ يَمِيلُونَ وَيُشِيرُونَ إِلَيْهِ، ﴿أَعْجَمِيٌّ﴾ "الْأَعْجَمِيُّ" الَّذِي لَا يُفْصِحُ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَنْزِلُ بِالْبَادِيَةِ، وَالْعَجَمِيُّ مَنْسُوبٌ إِلَى الْعَجَمِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ فَصِيحًا، وَالْأَعْرَابِيُّ الْبَدَوِيُّ، وَالْعَرَبِيُّ مَنْسُوبٌ إِلَى الْعَرَبِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فَصِيحًا، ﴿وَهَذَا لِسَانٌ عَرَبِيٌّ مُبِينٌ﴾ فَصِيحٌ وَأَرَادَ بِاللِّسَانِ الْقُرْآنَ، وَالْعَرَبُ تَقُولُ: اللُّغَةُ لِسَانٌ، وَرُوِيَ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ الَّذِي كَانُوا يُشِيرُونَ إِلَيْهِ أَسْلَمَ وَحَسُنَ إِسْلَامُهُ. ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ لَا يَهْدِيهِمُ اللَّهُ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ (١٠٤) إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْكَاذِبُونَ (١٠٥) مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ وَلَكِنْ مَنْ شَرَحَ بِالْكُفْرِ صَدْرًا فَعَلَيْهِمْ غَضَبٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ (١٠٦) ﴾ ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ لَا يَهْدِيهِمُ اللَّهُ﴾ لَا يُرْشِدُهُمُ اللَّهُ، ﴿وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ﴾ ثُمَّ أَخْبَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَنَّ الْكُفَّارَ هُمُ الْمُفْتَرُونَ. فَقَالَ: ﴿إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْكَاذِبُونَ﴾ لَا مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: قَدْ قَالَ: "إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ"، فَمَا مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ "وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْكَاذِبُونَ"؟ قِيلَ: "إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ": إِخْبَارٌ عَنْ فِعْلِهِمْ، "وهم الْكَاذِبُونَ" نَعْتٌ لَازِمٌ لَهُمْ، كَقَوْلِ الرَّجُلِ لِغَيْرِهِ: كَذَبْتَ وَأَنْتَ كَاذِبٌ، أَيْ: كَذَبْتَ فِي هَذَا الْقَوْلِ، وَمِنْ عَادَتِكَ الْكَذِبُ. أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الشُّرَيْحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو إِسْحَاقَ الثَّعْلَبِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو حَفْصٍ عُمَرُ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْجَوْهَرِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا جَدِّي أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ حَفْصٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ الْأَزْرَقُ، حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْحَمِيدِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ، حَدَّثَنَا يَعْلَى بْنُ الْأَشْدَقِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَرَادٍ قَالَ قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ الْمُؤْمِنُ يَزْنِي؟ قَالَ: قَدْ يَكُونُ ذَلِكَ، قَالَ قُلْتُ: الْمُؤْمِنُ يَسْرِقُ؟ قَالَ: قَدْ يَكُونُ ذَلِكَ، قُلْتُ الْمُؤْمِنُ يَكْذِبُ؟ قَالَ: لَا". قَالَ اللَّهُ: "إِنَّمَا يَفْتَرِي الْكَذِبَ الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ" (١) . ﴿مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ فِي عَمَّارٍ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَخَذُوهُ، وَأَبَاهُ يَاسِرًا، وَأُمَّهُ سُمَيَّةَ، وَصُهَيْبًا، وَبِلَالًا وَخَبَّابًا، وَسَالِمًا، فَعَذَّبُوهُمْ، فَأَمَّا سُمَيَّةُ: فَإِنَّهَا رُبِطَتْ بَيْنَ بَعِيرَيْنِ وَوُجِئَ قُبُلُهَا

(١) أخرجه الخرائطي في مساوئ الأخلاق ص ٦٩ بتحقيق أبو النصر شلبي، وعزاه السيوطي في الدر المنثور: ٥ / ١٦٨ لابن عساكر في تاريخه. وفيه يعلى بن الأشدق العقيلي؛ قال أبو حاتم: ليس بشيء، ضعيف الحديث، وقال ابن حبان: لا تحل الرواية عنه بحال، ولا الاحتجاج به. انظر الجرح والتعديل: ٩ / ٣٠٣، المجروحين لابن حبان: ٣ / ١٤٢.