Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (5/43)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

and its wording is: “I seek refuge in Allah from Satan, the accursed.”

‘Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Abu Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Shurayh informed us; Abu al-Qasim al-Baghawi informed us; ‘Ali ibn al-Ja‘d related to us; Shu‘bah informed us, from ‘Amr ibn Murrah, who said: I heard ‘Asim narrate from Ibn Jubayr ibn Mut‘im, from his father, that he saw the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, praying. He said: He pronounced the opening takbir and said three times: “Allah is supremely great”; [three times: “All praise belongs to Allah in abundance, and glory be to Allah morning and evening”] (1); then: “O Allah, I seek refuge in You from Satan, the accursed, from his prompting, his puffing, and his spitting.”

‘Amr said: His puffing is pride; his spitting is poetry; and his prompting is madness—and madness is insanity. Seeking refuge in Allah means holding fast to Him. (2)

“Indeed, he has no authority over those who believe and place their trust in their Lord. His authority is only over those who take him as their patron and those who, because of him, associate partners with Allah. And when We replace one verse with another—and Allah knows best what He sends down—they say, ‘You are only a fabricator.’ Rather, most of them do not know.” (99–101)

“Indeed, he has no authority”: that is, no proof or dominion, “over those who believe and place their trust in their Lord.” Sufyan said: He has no authority to drive them into a sin that will not be forgiven. “His authority is only over those who take him as their patron”: they obey him and enter under his dominion; “and those who, because of him, associate partners with Allah”: that is, they associate partners with Allah. It was also said that the pronoun refers back to Satan; its figurative meaning is: those who associate partners with Allah on his account.

“And when We replace one verse with another”: that is, when We abrogate the ruling of one verse and substitute another ruling in its place; “and Allah knows best what He sends down”: He knows best what is more beneficial for His creation in the rulings that He changes and replaces; “they say, ‘You’”—O Muhammad—“‘are only a fabricator,’” meaning, an inventor of lies. This was because the idolaters said: “Muhammad is making sport of his followers: today he commands them to do something, and tomorrow he forbids them from it. ⦗202/b⦘ He is merely a fabricator, inventing it of his own accord.” (3)

Allah, exalted is He, said: “Rather, most of them do not know”—that is, they do not know the true nature of the Quran or how to distinguish the abrogating verses from the abrogated ones.

(1) The text within parentheses is omitted from manuscript B. (2) Reported by Abu Dawud in Kitab al-Salah, chapter on the supplication with which prayer is begun, 1:372; and by Ibn Majah in Kitab Iqamat al-Salah, chapter on seeking refuge in prayer, 1:265. It was authenticated by Ibn Hibban, p. 123 of Mawarid al-Zam'an, and by al-Hakim, 1:235. It was also reported by Imam Ahmad in al-Musnad, 4:80, and by the compiler of Sharh al-Sunnah, 3:43. (3) See al-Wahidi, Asbab al-Nuzul, p. 325.

وَلَفْظُهُ: أَنْ يَقُولَ: "أَعُوذُ بِاللَّهِ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ". أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي شُرَيْحٍ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ الْبَغَوِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ الْجَعْدِ، أَخْبَرَنَا شُعْبَةُ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُرَّةَ، سَمِعْتُ عَاصِمًا عَنِ ابْنِ جُبَيْرِ بْنِ مُطْعِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّهُ رَأَى النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يُصَلِّي، قَالَ: فَكَبَّرَ، فَقَالَ: اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ كَبِيرَا، ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، [وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ كَثِيرًا، ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، وَسُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ بُكْرَةً وَأَصِيلًا ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ] (١) اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ، مِنْ هَمْزِهِ وَنَفْخِهِ، وَنَفْثِهِ. قَالَ عَمْرٌو: وَنَفْخُهُ: الْكِبْرُ، وَنَفْثُهُ: الشِّعْرُ، وَهَمْزُهُ: الْمَوْتَةُ، وَالْمَوْتَةُ الْجُنُونُ، وَالِاسْتِعَاذَةُ بِاللَّهِ هِيَ الِاعْتِصَامُ بِهِ (٢) . ﴿إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ سُلْطَانٌ عَلَى الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ (٩٩) إِنَّمَا سُلْطَانُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَتَوَلَّوْنَهُ وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ بِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ (١٠٠) وَإِذَا بَدَّلْنَا آيَةً مَكَانَ آيَةٍ وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا يُنَزِّلُ قَالُوا إِنَّمَا أَنْتَ مُفْتَرٍ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ (١٠١) ﴾ ﴿إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ سُلْطَانٌ﴾ حُجَّةٌ وَوِلَايَةٌ، ﴿عَلَى الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ﴾ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ: لَيْسَ لَهُ سُلْطَانٌ عَلَى أَنْ يَحْمِلَهُمْ عَلَى ذَنْبٍ لَا يُغْفَرُ. ﴿إِنَّمَا سُلْطَانُهُ عَلَى الَّذِينَ يَتَوَلَّوْنَهُ﴾ يُطِيعُونَهُ وَيَدْخُلُونَ فِي وِلَايَتِهِ، ﴿وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ بِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ﴾ أَيْ: بِاللَّهِ مُشْرِكُونَ. وَقِيلَ: الْكِنَايَةُ رَاجِعَةٌ إِلَى الشَّيْطَانِ، وَمَجَازُهُ الَّذِينَ هُمْ مِنْ أَجْلِهِ مُشْرِكُونَ بِاللَّهِ. ﴿وَإِذَا بَدَّلْنَا آيَةً مَكَانَ آيَةٍ﴾ يَعْنِي وَإِذَا نَسَخْنَا حُكْمَ آيَةٍ فَأَبْدَلْنَا مَكَانَهُ حُكْمًا آخَرَ، ﴿وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا يُنَزِّلُ﴾ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا هُوَ أَصْلَحُ لِخَلِقِهِ فِيمَا يُغَيِّرُ وَيُبَدِّلُ مِنْ أَحْكَامِهِ، ﴿قَالُوا إِنَّمَا أَنْتَ﴾ يَا مُحَمَّدُ، ﴿مُفْتَرٍ﴾ مُخْتَلِقٌ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَالُوا: إِنَّ مُحَمَّدًا يَسْخَرُ بِأَصْحَابِهِ، يَأْمُرُهُمُ الْيَوْمَ بِأَمْرٍ، وَيَنْهَاهُمْ عنه غدا، ٢٠٢/ب مَا هُوَ إِلَّا مُفْتَرٍ، يَتَقَوَّلُهُ مِنْ تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِهِ (٣) . قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى ﴿بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ﴾ حَقِيقَةَ الْقُرْآنِ، وَبَيَانَ النَّاسِخِ مِنَ الْمَنْسُوخِ.

(١) ما بين القوسين ساقط من "ب". (٢) أخرجه أبو داود في الصلاة، باب ما يستفتح به في الصلاة من الدعاء: ١ / ٣٧٢، وابن ماجه في إقامة الصلاة، باب لااستعاذة في الصلاة: ١ / ٢٦٥، وصححه ابن حبان ص (١٢٣) من موارد الظمآن، والحاكم: ١ / ٢٣٥، وأخرجه الإمام أحمد في المسند: ٤ / ٨٠، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ٣ / ٤٣. (٣) انظر: أسباب النزول للواحدي ص (٣٢٥) .