Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (5/39)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Sufyan ibn Uyaynah said: “Justice is for one’s inner state and outward conduct to be alike; excellence is for one’s inner state to be better than one’s outward conduct; and indecency and wrongdoing are for one’s outward conduct to be better than one’s inner state.”

“He admonishes you so that you may take heed”: that is, so that you may be admonished.

Ibn Mas‘ud said: “This is the most comprehensive verse in the Quran.” (1)

Ayyub narrated from Ikrimah that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, recited to al-Walid, “Indeed, Allah commands justice,” to the end of the verse. He said to him, “My nephew, repeat it.” So he repeated it to him, whereupon he said: “By Allah, it possesses a sweetness and a splendid beauty; its upper part is fruitful and its lower part abundant. It is not the speech of a human being.” (2)

“And fulfil Allah’s covenant when you make a covenant, and do not break your oaths after confirming them, having made Allah your surety. Indeed, Allah knows what you do. (91) And do not be like the woman who unravelled her yarn after it had been firmly spun, making your oaths a means of deceit among yourselves because one community is more numerous than another. Allah only tests you thereby, and on the Day of Resurrection He will surely make clear to you that over which you used to differ. (92)”

Allah’s words, “And fulfil Allah’s covenant when you make a covenant”: the covenant here means an oath.

Al-Sha‘bi said: “A covenant is an oath, and its expiation is the expiation for an oath.” “And do not break your oaths after confirming them”: after strengthening them, by then breaking them. “Having made Allah your surety”: that is, a witness to your fulfilment of them.

“Indeed, Allah knows what you do.” The scholars differed concerning whom this verse was revealed about, although its ruling is general.

It was said that it was revealed concerning those who pledged allegiance to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him; Allah commanded them to honour it. (3)

Mujahid and Qatadah said: “It was revealed concerning the alliances of the people of the pre-Islamic era.” (4)

Allah then gave an example of breaking a covenant, saying: “And do not be like the woman who unravelled her yarn after it had been firmly spun”—that is, after spinning and tightly twisting it.

Al-Kalbi and Muqatil said: “She was a foolish, simple-minded woman from Quraysh, called Raytah bint Amr ibn Sa‘d—

(1) See al-Durr al-Manthur, 5:160, which contains a number of reports on this matter. (2) See Sirat Ibn Hisham, 1:270. (3) Reported by Ibn Jarir and Ibn Abi Hatim from Muzayda ibn Jabir. See al-Durr al-Manthur, 5:161; Zad al-Masir, 4:484. (5) The preceding reference.

وَقَالَ ابْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ: الْعَدْلُ اسْتِوَاءُ السِّرِّ وَالْعَلَانِيَةِ، وَ"الْإِحْسَانُ" أَنْ تَكُونَ سَرِيرَتُهُ أَحْسَنَ مِنْ عَلَانِيَتِهِ، وَ"الْفَحْشَاءُ وَالْمُنْكَرُ" أَنْ تَكُونَ عَلَانِيَتُهُ أَحْسَنَ مِنْ سَرِيرَتِهِ. ﴿يَعِظُكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ﴾ تَتَّعِظُونَ. قَالَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ: أَجْمَعُ آيَةٍ فِي الْقُرْآنِ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ (١) . وَقَالَ أَيُّوبُ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ: إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَرَأَ عَلَى الْوَلِيدِ: ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ﴾ إِلَى آخِرِ الْآيَةِ فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا ابْنَ أخي أعد فعاد عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ لَهُ وَاللَّهِ لَحَلَاوَةً وَإِنَّ عَلَيْهِ لَطَلَاوَةً وَإِنَّ أَعْلَاهُ لَمُثْمِرٌ وَإِنَّ أَسْفَلَهُ لَمُغْدِقٌ، وَمَا هُوَ بِقَوْلِ الْبَشَرِ (٢) . ﴿وَأَوْفُوا بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ إِذَا عَاهَدْتُمْ وَلَا تَنْقُضُوا الْأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلًا إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَفْعَلُونَ (٩١) وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ أَنْكَاثًا تَتَّخِذُونَ أَيْمَانَكُمْ دَخَلًا بَيْنَكُمْ أَنْ تَكُونَ أُمَّةٌ هِيَ أَرْبَى مِنْ أُمَّةٍ إِنَّمَا يَبْلُوكُمُ اللَّهُ بِهِ وَلَيُبَيِّنَنَّ لَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ مَا كُنْتُمْ فِيهِ تَخْتَلِفُونَ (٩٢) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَأَوْفُوا بِعَهْدِ اللَّهِ إِذَا عَاهَدْتُمْ﴾ وَالْعَهْدُ هَاهُنَا هُوَ: الْيَمِينُ. قَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ: الْعَهْدُ يَمِينٌ وَكَفَّارَتُهُ كَفَّارَةُ يَمِينٍ، ﴿وَلَا تَنْقُضُوا الْأَيْمَانَ بَعْدَ تَوْكِيدِهَا﴾ تَشْدِيدِهَا، فَتَحْنَثُوا فِيهَا، ﴿وَقَدْ جَعَلْتُمُ اللَّهَ عَلَيْكُمْ كَفِيلًا﴾ شَهِيدًا بِالْوَفَاءِ. ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَعْلَمُ مَا تَفْعَلُونَ﴾ وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِيمَنْ نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ وَإِنْ كَانَ حُكْمُهَا عَامًّا؟. قِيلَ: نَزَلَتْ فِي الَّذِينَ بَايَعُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، أَمَرَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِالْوَفَاءِ بِهَا (٣) . وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَقَتَادَةُ: نَزَلَتْ فِي حِلْفِ أَهْلِ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ (٤) . ثُمَّ ضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا لِنَقْضِ الْعَهْدِ فَقَالَ: ﴿وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ﴾ ﴿وَلَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّتِي نَقَضَتْ غَزْلَهَا مِنْ بَعْدِ قُوَّةٍ﴾ أَيْ: مِنْ بَعْدِ غَزْلِهِ وَإِحْكَامِهِ. قَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ، وَمُقَاتِلٌ: هِيَ امْرَأَةٌ خَرْقَاءُ حَمْقَاءُ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، يُقَالُ لَهَا "رَيْطَةُ بِنْتُ عَمْرِو بْنِ سَعْدِ

(١) انظر: الدر المنثور: ٥ / ١٦٠، ففيه جملة آثار في ذلك. (٢) انظر: سيرة ابن هشام: ١ / ٢٧٠. (٣) أخرجه ابن جرير، وابن أبي حاتم عن مزيدة بن جابر. انظر: الدر المنثور: ٥ / ١٦١، زاد المسير: ٤ / ٤٨٤. (٥) المرجع السابق