Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

except by a diminution of one’s strength and the loss of half of it.

Abu Ja‘far recited it bi-shaqq, with a fathah on the shin. Both are dialectal variants, like ratl and ritl.

“Indeed, your Lord is Most Kind, Most Merciful”—toward His creation, in that He has made these benefits available to them.

“And [He created] horses, mules, and donkeys for you to ride and as an adornment. And He creates what you do not know. (8)”

“And horses” means: He created horses. The word “horses” is a collective noun whose singular is not formed from the same word, like the terms for camels and women. “And mules and donkeys, for you to ride and as an adornment” means that He made them an adornment for you, in addition to the benefits found in them.

Those who held horse meat to be forbidden cited this verse as evidence. This was the view of Ibn ‘Abbas, who recited this verse and said, “These are for riding.” [This view was also adopted by] (1) al-Hakam, Malik, and Abu Hanifah.

A group held horse meat to be permissible. This was the view of al-Hasan, Shurayh, ‘Ata’, and Sa‘id ibn Jubayr; it was also the position of al-Shafi‘i, Ahmad, and Ishaq. (2)

Those who held it permissible said: The verse is not intended to establish what is lawful and unlawful; rather, its purpose is for Allah to acquaint His servants with His blessings and to draw their attention to the perfection of His power and wisdom. They cited the following evidence:

‘Abd al-Wahid al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il related to us; Sulayman ibn Harb related to us; Hammad ibn Zayd related to us, from ‘Amr—namely, Ibn Dinar—from Muhammad ibn ‘Ali, from Jabir, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: “On the day of Khaybar, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, forbade the meat of domestic donkeys and permitted horse meat.” (3)

Abu al-Faraj al-Muzaffar ibn Isma‘il al-Tamimi informed us; Abu al-Qasim Hamzah ibn Yusuf al-Sahmi informed us; the hadith master Abu Ahmad ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Adi informed us; al-Hasan ibn al-Faraj related to us; ‘Amr ibn Khalid related to us; ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al-Karim related to us, from ‘Ata’ ibn Abi Rabah, from Jabir: that they used to eat horse meat during the lifetime of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him. (4)

(1) In manuscript B: “and it is a view.” (2) For a detailed discussion, see: al-Jassas, Ahkam al-Quran, 5:2-4; Ibn al-Arabi, Ahkam al-Quran, 3:1144-1147; al-Harras al-Tabari, Ahkam al-Quran, 4:170; al-Qurtubi, Tafsir, 10:76-79. (3) Recorded by al-Bukhari, Kitab al-Sayd wa-l-Dhaba'ih, chapter on horsemeat, 9:648; and Muslim, Kitab al-Sayd wa-l-Dhaba'ih, chapter on eating horsemeat, no. 1941, 3:1541. It was also recorded by the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 11:254. (4) Recorded by Abu Dawud, Kitab al-At'imah, chapter on eating horsemeat, 5:308; al-Tirmidhi, Kitab al-At'imah, chapter on reports concerning horsemeat, 5:505; al-Nasa'i, Kitab al-Sayd wa-l-Dhaba'ih, chapter on the permission to eat horsemeat, 7:202; Ibn Majah, Kitab al-Dhaba'ih, chapter on mule meat, no. 3191, 2:1064; al-Tahawi, Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar, 2:322; al-Hakim, al-Mustadrak, 4:235; Imam Ahmad, al-Musnad, 3:356; and the compiler in Sharh al-Sunnah, 11:256. The hadith is originally found in the two Sahih collections. See also: Nasb al-Rayah, 4:197; Talkhis al-Habir, 4:150.
إِلَّا بِنُقْصَانِ قُوَّةِ النَّفْسِ وَذَهَابِ نِصْفِهَا. وَقَرَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ ﴿بِشَقِّ﴾ بِفَتْحِ الشِّينِ، وَهُمَا لُغَتَانِ، مِثْلُ: رَطْلٍ وَرِطْلٍ. ﴿إِنَّ رَبَّكُمْ لَرَءُوفٌ رَحِيمٌ﴾ بِخَلْقِهِ حَيْثُ جَعَلَ لَهُمْ هَذِهِ الْمَنَافِعَ. ﴿وَالْخَيْلَ وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا وَزِينَةً وَيَخْلُقُ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ (٨) ﴾ ﴿وَالْخَيْلَ﴾ يَعْنِي: وَخَلَقَ الْخَيْلَ، وَهِيَ اسْمُ جِنْسٍ لَا وَاحِدَ لَهُ مِنْ لَفْظِهِ كَالْإِبِلِ وَالنِّسَاءِ، ﴿وَالْبِغَالَ وَالْحَمِيرَ لِتَرْكَبُوهَا وَزِينَةً﴾ يَعْنِي وَجَعَلَهَا زِينَةً لَكُمْ مَعَ الْمَنَافِعِ الَّتِي فِيهَا. وَاحْتَجَّ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ مَنْ حَرَّمَ لُحُومَ الْخَيْلِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وَتَلًّا هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ، فَقَالَ: هَذِهِ لِلرُّكُوبِ [وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ] (١) الْحَكَمُ، وَمَالُكٌ، وَأَبُو حَنِيفَةَ. وَذَهَبَ جَمَاعَةٌ إِلَى إِبَاحَةِ لُحُومِ الْخَيْلِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الْحَسَنِ، وَشُرَيْحٍ، وَعَطَاءٍ، وَسَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، وَبِهِ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ، وَأَحْمَدُ، وَإِسْحَاقُ (٢) . وَمَنْ أَبَاحَهَا قَالَ: لَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ مِنَ الْآيَةِ بَيَانَ التَّحْلِيلِ وَالتَّحْرِيمِ بَلِ الْمُرَادُ مِنْهُ تَعْرِيفُ اللَّهِ عِبَادَهُ نِعَمَهُ وَتَنْبِيهُهُمْ عَلَى كَمَالِ قُدْرَتِهِ وَحِكْمَتِهِ، وَاحْتَجُّوا بِمَا: أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّعِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، حَدَّثَنَا حَمَّادُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ عَنْ عَمْرٍو -هُوَ ابْنُ دِينَارٍ-عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَلِيٍّ، عَنْ جَابِرٍ ﵁ قَالَ: "نَهَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمَ خَيْبَرَ عَنْ لُحُومِ الْحُمُرِ وَرَخَّصَ فِي لُحُومِ الْخَيْلِ". (٣) . أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْفَرَجِ الْمُظَفَّرُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ التَّمِيمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْقَاسِمِ حَمْزَةُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ السَّهْمِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو أَحْمَدَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَدِيٍّ الْحَافِظُ، حَدَّثَنَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ الْفَرَجِ، حَدَّثَنَا عَمْرُو بْنُ خَالِدٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْكَرِيمِ، عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ أَبِي رَبَاحٍ، عَنْ جَابِرٍ: أَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا يَأْكُلُونَ لُحُومَ الْخَيْلِ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٤) .
(١) في "ب": وهو قول. (٢) انظر بالتفصيل: أحكام القرآن للجصاص: ٥ / ٢-٤، أحكام القرآن لابن العربي: ٣ / ١١٤٤-١١٤٧، أحكام القرآن للهراس الطبري: ٤/١٧٠، تفسير القرطبي: ١٠ / ٧٦-٧٩. (٣) أخرجه البخاري في الصيد والذبائح، باب لحوم الخيل: ٩ / ٦٤٨، ومسلم في الصيد والذبائح، باب في أكل لحوم الخيل، برقم (١٩٤١) : ٣ / ١٥٤١. وأخرجه المصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ٢٥٤. (٤) أخرجه أبو داود في الأطعمة، باب في أكل لحوم الخيل: ٥ / ٣٠٨، والترمذي في الأطعمة، باب ما جاء في لحوم الخيل: ٥ / ٥٠٥، والنسائي في الصيد والذبائح، باب الإذن في أكل لحوم الخيل: ٧ / ٢٠٢، وابن ماجه في الذبائح، باب لحوم البغال، برقم (٣١٩١) : ٢ / ١٠٦٤، والطحاوي في شرح معاني الآثار: ٢ / ٣٢٢، والحاكم في المستدرك: ٤ / ٢٣٥، والإمام أحمد في المسند: ٣ / ٣٥٦، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ٢٥٦. وأصل الحديث في الصحيحين، وانظر: نصب الراية: ٤ / ١٩٧، تلخيص الحبير: ٤ / ١٥٠.

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