Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (4/53)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Ibn Shihab said: We have not received in the hadith reports that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, ever quoted a complete line of poetry other than these verses (1).

Al-Zuhri said: When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and Abu Bakr entered the cave, Allah Most High sent a pair of pigeons, which laid their eggs at the bottom of the cleft, and a spider, which spun its web. In one account, He caused a dove to be at the entrance of the cave. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “O Allah, blind their eyes to us.” 158/b The pursuers then went back and forth to the right and left around the cave, saying, “Had they entered this cave, the pigeons’ eggs would have been broken and the spider’s web torn apart” (2).

His saying, exalted is He: “So Allah sent down His tranquillity upon him”—it was said: upon the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. Ibn Abbas said: upon Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, for the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, had already possessed tranquillity. “And He supported him with forces you did not see”: they were the angels, who descended and turned the faces and eyes of the disbelievers away from seeing him. It was also said that they cast terror into the hearts of the disbelievers, until they withdrew. Mujahid and al-Kalbi said: He aided him with the angels on the day of Badr; He informed that He had warded off from him the plot of his enemies in the cave, then manifested His support through the angels on the day of Badr.

“And He made the word of those who disbelieved the lowest.” Their word was polytheism, and it shall remain the lowest until the Day of Resurrection. “And the word of Allah is the highest,” until the Day of Resurrection. Ibn Abbas said: It is the statement, “There is no god worthy of worship but Allah.” It was also said that the word of those who disbelieved was the plot they devised among themselves to kill him, while the word of Allah was His promise that He would grant him victory. Yaqub recited, “and the word of Allah,” with the final letter in the accusative case, coordinated with the preceding phrase: “And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.”

(1) Al-Bukhari narrated it in the Book of the Virtues of the Ansar, chapter: “The Migration of the Prophet and His Companions to Madinah,” 7:230-233; and the compiler also narrated it in Sharh al-Sunnah (Commentary on the Sunnah), 13:354-362. In his tafsir (Quranic exegesis), he abridged certain passages from it, which we have indicated with ellipses. (2) Ibn Asakir related this from Zayd ibn Arqam and al-Mughirah ibn Shubah. It is a very unusual hadith through this route, as al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir stated in al-Bidayah, 3:182.

قَالَ ابْنُ شِهَابٍ: وَلَمْ يَبْلُغْنَا فِي الْأَحَادِيثِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ تَمَثَّلَ بِبَيْتِ شِعْرٍ تَامٍّ غَيْرَ هَذِهِ الْأَبْيَاتِ (١) . قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ: لَمَّا دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ الْغَارَ أَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى زَوْجًا مِنْ حَمَامٍ حَتَّى بَاضَا فِي أَسْفَلِ النَّقْبِ، وَالْعَنْكَبُوتَ حَتَّى نَسَجَتْ بَيْتًا، وَفِي الْقِصَّةِ: أَنْبَتَ يَمَامَةً عَلَى فَمِ الْغَارِ، وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: اللَّهُمَّ أعمِ أبصارهم ١٥٨/ب عَنَّا فَجُعِلَ الطُّلَّبُ يَضْرِبُونَ يَمِينًا وَشِمَالًا حَوْلَ الْغَارِ يَقُولُونَ: لَوْ دَخَلَا هَذَا الْغَارَ لَتَكَسَّرَ بَيْضُ الْحَمَامِ وَتَفَسَّخَ بَيْتُ الْعَنْكَبُوتِ (٢) . قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ سَكِينَتَهُ عَلَيْهِ﴾ قِيلَ: عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ. وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ ﵁، فَإِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ السَّكِينَةُ مِنْ قَبْلُ، ﴿وَأَيَّدَهُ بِجُنُودٍ لَمْ تَرَوْهَا﴾ وَهُمُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ نَزَلُوا يَصْرِفُونَ وَجُوهَ الْكَفَّارِ وَأَبْصَارَهُمْ عَنْ رُؤْيَتِهِ. وَقِيلَ: أَلْقَوُا الرُّعْبَ فِي قُلُوبِ الْكُفَّارِ حَتَّى رَجَعُوا. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ وَالْكَلْبِيُّ: أَعَانَهُ بِالْمَلَائِكَةِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ، أَخْبَرَ أَنَّهُ صَرَفَ عَنْهُ كَيْدَ الْأَعْدَاءِ فِي الْغَارِ ثُمَّ أَظْهَرَ نَصْرَهُ بِالْمَلَائِكَةِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ. ﴿وَجَعَلَ كَلِمَةَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا السُّفْلَى﴾ وَكَلِمَتُهُمُ الشِّرْكُ، وَهِيَ السُّفْلَى إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، ﴿وَكَلِمَةُ اللَّهِ هِيَ الْعُلْيَا﴾ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: هِيَ قَوْلُ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ. وَقِيلَ كَلِمَةُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا: مَا قَدَّرُوا بَيْنَهُمْ فِي الْكَيْدِ بِهِ لِيَقْتُلُوهُ، وَكَلِمَةُ اللَّهِ: وَعْدُ اللَّهِ أَنَّهُ نَاصِرُهُ. وَقَرَأَ يَعْقُوبُ: ﴿وَكَلِمَةَ اللَّهِ﴾ بِنَصْبِ التَّاءِ عَلَى الْعَطْفِ ﴿وَاللَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ﴾ .

(١) أخرجه البخاري في مناقب الأنصار، باب هجرة النبي ﷺ وأصحابه إلى المدينة: ٧ / ٢٣٠-٢٣٣ والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١٣ / ٣٥٤-٣٦٢. وقد اختصر جملا منه في التفسير، أشرنا إليها بنقاط. (٢) ذكر ذلك ابن عساكر عن زيد بن أرقم والمغيرة بن شعبة. وهو حديث غريب جدا، من هذا الوجه كما قال الحافظ ابن كثير في البداية: ٣ / ١٨٢.