Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (4/17)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, I would fight them for withholding it.” Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, said: “By Allah, it was simply that Allah had opened Abu Bakr’s heart to fighting; then I knew that it was the truth.” (1)

Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn Abd Allah al-Nu'aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma'il related to us; Amr ibn Abbas related to us; Ibn al-Mahdi related to us; Mansur ibn Sa'd related to us from Maymun ibn Siyah, from Anas ibn Malik, who said: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Whoever performs our prayer, faces our qiblah, and eats our slaughtered meat is the Muslim who has the protection of Allah and the protection of His Messenger.” (2)

“And if they break their oaths after their treaty and defame your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief, for they have no binding oaths, so that they may desist. (12)”

His saying, exalted is He, “And if they break their oaths”: that is, if they violate their covenants, “after their treaty”: after their agreement—meaning the polytheists of Quraysh—“and defame your religion”: that is, disparage it. This is evidence that if a non-Muslim subject under covenant openly attacks the religion of Islam, his covenant no longer remains. “Then fight the leaders of disbelief”: the reciters of Kufa and Syria read “leaders” with two hamzas wherever it occurs, while the rest read it with the second hamza softened. The leaders of disbelief are the chiefs and leading figures of the polytheists among the people of Mecca.

Ibn Abbas said: It was revealed concerning Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Abu Jahl ibn Hisham, Suhayl ibn Amr, Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, and the rest of the chiefs of Quraysh at that time who broke the treaty. They were the ones who intended to expel the Messenger. (3) Mujahid said: They are the people of Persia and Rome. (4)

Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman said: “The people referred to in this verse have not been fought, and those to whom it applies have not yet come.” (5) “For they have no binding oaths”: that is, they have no covenants; it is the plural of oath. Qutrub said: They do not honor their covenant. Ibn Amir recited, “They have no faith,” with the initial vowel pronounced short: that is, they have neither belief nor religion. It was also said that it is derived from security: that is, do not grant them safety, but kill them wherever you find them. “So that they may desist”: that is, so that they may desist from attacking your religion and supporting one another against you. It was also said: from disbelief.

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-I'tisam, chapter: “Following the Sunnahs of the Messenger of Allah”: 13/250; and by Muslim in al-Iman, chapter: “The command to fight people until they say: There is no god but Allah,” no. 20: 1/51-52. (2) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Salah, chapter: “The virtue of facing the qiblah”: 1/496. (3) Narrated by al-Tabari in al-Tafsir: 14/154; and in a longer, similar version by al-Bukhari: 8/322. See also al-Durr al-Manthur: 4/136. (4) In al-Durr al-Manthur: “On the authority of Mujahid, Abu Sufyan said.” (5) See al-Tabari: 14/155-156; Fath al-Bari: 8/323.

رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِقَاتَلْتُهُمْ عَلَى مَنْعِهَا. قَالَ عُمَرُ ﵁: فَوَاللَّهِ مَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنْ قَدْ شَرَحَ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْقِتَالِ، فَعَرَفَتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ (١) . أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النُّعَيْمِيُّ، أَنْبَأَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، حَدَّثَنَا عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبَّاسٍ، حَدَّثَنَا ابْنُ الْمَهْدِيِّ، حَدَّثَنَا مَنْصُورُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ مَيْمُونِ بْنِ سِيَاهٍ عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "مَنْ صَلَّى صَلَاتَنَا وَاسْتَقْبَلَ قِبْلَتَنَا وَأَكَلَ ذَبِيحَتَنَا: فَذَلِكَ الْمُسْلِمُ الَّذِي لَهُ ذِمَّةُ اللَّهِ وَذِمَّةُ رَسُولِهِ" (٢) . ﴿وَإِنْ نَكَثُوا أَيْمَانَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ عَهْدِهِمْ وَطَعَنُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ فَقَاتِلُوا أَئِمَّةَ الْكُفْرِ إِنَّهُمْ لَا أَيْمَانَ لَهُمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَنْتَهُونَ (١٢) ﴾ . قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَإِنْ نَكَثُوا أَيْمَانَهُمْ﴾ نَقَضُوا عُهُودَهُمْ، ﴿مِنْ بَعْدِ عَهْدِهِمْ﴾ عَقْدِهِمْ، يَعْنِي: مُشْرِكِي قُرَيْشٍ، ﴿وَطَعَنُوا﴾ قَدَحُوا ﴿فِي دِينِكُمْ﴾ عَابُوهُ. فَهَذَا دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ الذِّمِّيَّ إِذَا طَعَنَ فِي دِينِ الْإِسْلَامِ ظَاهِرًا لَا يَبْقَى لَهُ عَهْدٌ، ﴿فَقَاتِلُوا أَئِمَّةَ الْكُفْرِ﴾ قَرَأَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ وَالشَّامِ: "أَئِمَّةَ" بِهَمْزَتَيْنِ حَيْثُ كَانَ، وَقَرَأَ الْبَاقُونَ بِتَلْيِينِ الْهَمْزَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ. وَأَئِمَّةُ الْكُفْرِ: رُؤُوسُ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَقَادَتُهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: نَزَلَتْ فِي أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بْنِ حَرْبٍ، وَأَبِي جَهْلِ بْنِ هِشَامٍ، وَسُهَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، وَعِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَسَائِرِ رُؤَسَاءِ قُرَيْشٍ يَوْمَئِذٍ الَّذِينَ نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ، وَهُمُ الَّذِينَ هَمُّوا بِإِخْرَاجِ الرَّسُولِ (٣) وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: هُمْ أَهْلُ فَارِسَ وَالرُّومِ (٤) . وَقَالَ حُذَيْفَةُ بْنُ الْيَمَانِ: مَا قُوتِلَ أَهْلُ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ وَلَمْ يَأْتِ أَهْلُهَا بَعْدُ (٥) ﴿إِنَّهُمْ لَا أَيْمَانَ لَهُمْ﴾ أَيْ: لَا عُهُودَ لَهُمْ، جَمْعُ يَمِينٍ. قَالَ قُطْرُبٌ: لَا وَفَاءَ لَهُمْ بِالْعَهْدِ. وَقَرَأَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ: "لَا إِيمَانَ لَهُمْ" بِكَسْرِ الْأَلِفِ، أَيْ: لَا تَصْدِيقَ لَهُمْ وَلَا دِينَ لَهُمْ. وَقِيلَ: هُوَ مِنَ الْأَمَانِ، أَيْ لَا تُؤَمِّنُوهُمْ وَاقْتُلُوهُمْ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ، ﴿لَعَلَّهُمْ يَنْتَهُونَ﴾ أَيْ: لِكَيْ يَنْتَهُوا عَنِ الطَّعْنِ فِي دِينِكُمْ وَالْمُظَاهَرَةِ عَلَيْكُمْ. وَقِيلَ: عَنِ الْكُفْرِ.

(١) أخرجه البخاري في الاعتصام، باب الاقتداء بسنن رسول الله ﷺ: ١٣ / ٢٥٠، ومسلم في الإيمان، باب الأمر بقتال الناس حتى يقولوا: لا إله إلا الله.. برقم (٢٠) : ١ / ٥١-٥٢. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في الصلاة، باب فضل استقبال القبلة: ١ / ٤٩٦. (٣) أخرجه الطبري في التفسير: ١٤ / ١٥٤، وبنحوه مطولا: البخاري: ٨ / ٣٢٢. وانظر: الدر المنثور: ٤ / ١٣٦. (٤) في الدر المنثور: عن مجاهد قال أبو سفيان. (٥) انظر: الطبري: ١٤ / ١٥٥-١٥٦، فتح الباري: ٨ / ٣٢٣.