Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/377)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

or if they wished, manumit them. (1)

“Had it not been for a prior decree from Allah, a great punishment would have afflicted you for what you took. So consume what you have taken as spoils, lawful and good, and fear Allah. Surely Allah is Most Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (68–69)

His saying, Exalted is He, “Had it not been for a prior decree from Allah”: Ibn Abbas said, “Spoils of war had been forbidden to the prophets and their communities. Whenever they acquired anything from the spoils, they would set it aside as an offering, and then a fire would descend from heaven and consume it. But on the day of Badr, the believers hastened to collect the spoils and took ransom; so Allah, Exalted is He, revealed: ‘Had it not been for a prior decree from Allah.’” (3) That is, had it not been for a decree from Allah, previously inscribed in the Preserved Tablet, that He would make spoils of war lawful for you.

Al-Hasan, Mujahid, and Said ibn Jubayr said: “Had it not been for a prior decree from Allah” that He would not punish anyone who had attended Badr with the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace. (4)

Ibn Jurayj said: Had it not been for a prior decree from Allah that He would not leave a people astray after guiding them until He had made clear to them what they should beware of, and that He would not take to account a people who had done things in ignorance, (5) “a great punishment would have afflicted you”—that is, it would have befallen you—“for what you took,” namely, the ransom before you had been commanded to take it.

Ibn Ishaq said: There was no one among the believers who had been present who did not desire the spoils, apart from Umar ibn al-Khattab, who advised the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, to kill the captives. Saad ibn Muadh said, “Messenger of Allah, dealing a crushing blow through killing would have been dearer to me than keeping the men alive.” The Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, “Had a punishment descended from heaven, none would have escaped it apart from Umar ibn al-Khattab and Saad ibn Muadh.” (6)

Allah, Exalted is He, then said: “So consume what you have taken as spoils, lawful and good, and fear Allah. Surely Allah is Most Forgiving, Most Merciful.” It is related that when the first verse was revealed, the Companions of the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, withheld their hands from the ransom they had taken. Then this was revealed: “So consume what you have taken as spoils.”

(1) Al-Suyuti attributed it to Ibn Jarir, Ibn al-Mundhir, Ibn Abi Hatim, al-Nahhas in his work on abrogation, Ibn Mardawayh, and al-Bayhaqi, on the authority of Ibn Abbas. Al-Durr al-Manthur, 4:108. (2) Manuscript A reads: “kana” (was). (3) Al-Suyuti attributed it to Ibn Mardawayh. Al-Durr al-Manthur, 4:111. (4) See al-Tabari, 10:47. (5) See al-Tabari, 10:47. (6) Reported by al-Tabari, 14:71. Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar said in al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 71: “Al-Waqidi also narrated it in al-Maghazi through another disconnected chain, with the same meaning. Ibn Mardawayh narrated from Ibn Umar as a Prophetic report: ‘Had the punishment descended, none but Ibn al-Khattab would have escaped it.’” See also Abu Ubayd, al-Amwal, pp. 136-137.

وَإِنْ شَاءُوا أَعْتَقُوهُمْ (١) . ﴿لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ لَمَسَّكُمْ فِيمَا أَخَذْتُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ (٦٨) فَكُلُوا مِمَّا غَنِمْتُمْ حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ (٦٩) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: كَانَتِ الْغَنَائِمُ حَرَامًا عَلَى الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالْأُمَمِ فَكَانُوا إِذَا أَصَابُوا شَيْئًا مِنَ الغَنَائِمِ [جَعَلُوهُ] (٢) لِلْقُرْبَانِ، فَكَانَتْ تَنْزِلُ نَارٌ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ فَتَأْكُلُهُ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ بَدْرٍ أَسْرَعَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ فِي الْغَنَائِمِ وَأَخَذُوا الْفِدَاءَ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ ﷿: "لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ" (٣) يَعْنِي لَوْلَا قَضَاءٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ فِي اللَّوْحِ الْمَحْفُوظِ بِأَنَّهُ يُحِلُّ لَكُمُ الْغَنَائِمَ. وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ وَمُجَاهِدٌ وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ أَنَّهُ لَا يُعَذِّبُ أَحَدًا مِمَّنْ شَهِدَ بَدْرًا مَعَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ (٤) . وَقَالَ ابْنُ جُرَيْجٍ: لَوْلَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ سَبَقَ أَنَّهُ لَا يُضِلُّ قَوْمًا بَعْدَ إِذْ هَدَاهُمْ حَتَّى يُبَيِّنَ لَهُمْ مَا يَتَّقُونَ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يَأْخُذُ قَوْمًا فَعَلُوا أَشْيَاءَ بجهالة (٥) ﴿لَمَسَّكُمْ﴾ لنا لكم وَأَصَابَكُمْ، ﴿فِيمَا أَخَذْتُمْ﴾ مِنَ الْفِدَاءِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تُؤْمَرُوا بِهِ، ﴿عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: لَمْ يَكُنْ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَحَدٌ مِمَّنْ أَحْضَرَ إِلَّا حَبَّ الْغَنَائِمَ إِلَّا عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ فَإِنَّهُ أَشَارَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِقَتْلِ الْأَسْرَى، وَسَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ كَانَ الْإِثْخَانُ فِي الْقَتْلِ أَحَبَّ إِلَيَّ مِنِ اسْتِبْقَاءِ الرِّجَالِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: "لَوْ نَزَلَ عَذَابٌ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَا نَجَا مِنْهُ غَيْرُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ وَسَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ" (٦) . فَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿فَكُلُوا مِمَّا غَنِمْتُمْ حَلَالًا طَيِّبًا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ﴾ رُوِيَ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا نَزَلَتِ الْآيَةُ الْأُولَى كَفَّ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَيْدِيَهُمْ عَمَّا أَخَذُوا مِنَ الْفِدَاءِ فَنَزَلَ: ﴿فَكُلُوا مِمَّا غَنِمْتُمْ﴾

(١) عزاه السيوطي لابن جرير وابن المنذر وابن أبي حاتم والنحاس في ناسخه وابن مردويه والبيهقي عن ابن عباس ﵄. (الدر المنثور: ٤ / ١٠٨) . (٢) في "أ"" (كان) . (٣) عزاه السيوطي لابن مردويه. (الدر: ٤ / ١١١) . (٤) انظر: الطبري: ١٠ / ٤٧. (٥) انظر: الطبري: ١٠ / ٤٧. (٦) أخرجه الطبري: ١٤ / ٧١. قال الحافظ ابن حجر في "الكافي الشاف" ص (٧١) : "ورواه الواقدي في المغازي من وجه آخر منقطع، بمعناه، وروى ابن مردويه من حديث ابن عمر رفعه: "لو نزل العذاب ما أفلت منه إلا ابن الخطاب"، وانظر: الأموال لأبي عبيد ص (١٣٦ - ١٣٧) .