Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/370)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“And if you fear treachery from a people”—that is, if you know, O Muhammad, that a people bound by treaty intend to betray it, as indicated by the signs of perfidy that become apparent from them, as happened with Qurayzah and al-Nadir—“then cast back to them their covenant on equal terms”: that is, relinquish their covenant to them. Inform them, before you wage war against them, that you have dissolved the treaty between you and them, so that you and they are equally aware that the covenant has been annulled, and so that they do not suppose (1) that you have breached the covenant by commencing war against them. “Indeed, Allah does not love the treacherous.”

Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Marwazi informed us; Abu Sahl Muhammad ibn ‘Umar ibn Tarifah al-Sijzi informed us; Abu Sulayman al-Khattabi informed us; Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Razzaq ibn Dasah al-Tammar informed us; Abu Dawud Sulayman ibn al-Ash‘ath al-Sijistani narrated to us; Hafs ibn ‘Umar al-Numayri narrated to us; Shu‘bah narrated to us from Abu al-Fayd, from Sulaym (2) ibn ‘Amir, from a man of Himyar, who said:

There was a treaty between Mu‘awiyah and the Byzantines. He would march toward their lands, and when the treaty expired, he would raid them. Then a man came riding a horse, saying, “Allah is greatest! Allah is greatest! Keep faith; do not betray!” Mu‘awiyah looked and saw that it was ‘Amr ibn ‘Abasah. Mu‘awiyah sent for him and asked him, and he replied, “I heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, say: ‘Whoever has a treaty with a people must neither tighten nor loosen its bond until its term has expired, or until he has cast it back to them on equal terms.’” So Mu‘awiyah (3) turned back.

“And let not those who disbelieve think that they have escaped. Indeed, they cannot escape Allah. (59) And prepare against them whatever force you can, and warhorses kept ready, by which you may strike fear into the enemy of Allah and your enemy, and others besides them whom you do not know—Allah knows them. Whatever you spend in the way of Allah will be repaid to you in full, and you will not be wronged. (60)”

Regarding His saying, exalted is He, “And let not those who disbelieve think that they have escaped”: Abu Ja‘far, Ibn ‘Amir, Hamzah, and Hafs recited “let not ... think” with the letter yā’, while the others recited it with the letter tā’. “They have escaped,” meaning: they have evaded. This was revealed concerning the idolaters who fled on the Day of Badr. Whoever recites it with the yā’ understands it as: Let not those who disbelieve think themselves to have escaped and beyond the reach of Our punishment; and whoever recites

(1) In manuscript B: “So let them not suppose.” (2) In manuscript B: “Sulayman.” (3) Reported by Abu Dawud in al-Jihad, chapter on an imam who has an agreement with the enemy and then marches against them, 4:63-64; al-Tirmidhi in al-Siyar, chapter on treachery, 5:203-204, who said: “This hadith is sound and authentic”; Ibn Hibban, p. 405 of Mawarid al-Zam'an; and Imam Ahmad in al-Musnad, 4:113. Al-Mundhiri also attributed it to al-Nasa'i.

﴿وَإِمَّا تَخَافَنَّ﴾ أَيْ: تَعْلَمَنَّ يَا مُحَمَّدُ، ﴿مِنْ قَوْمٍ﴾ مُعَاهَدِينَ، ﴿خِيَانَةً﴾ نَقْضَ عَهْدٍ بِمَا يَظْهَرُ لَكُمْ مِنْهُمْ آثَارِ الْغَدْرِ كَمَا ظَهَرَ مِنْ قُرَيْظَةَ وَالنَّضِيرِ، ﴿فَانْبِذْ إِلَيْهِمْ﴾ فَاطْرَحْ إِلَيْهِمْ عَهْدَهُمْ، ﴿عَلَى سَوَاءٍ﴾ يَقُولُ: أَعْلِمْهُمْ قَبْلَ حَرْبِكَ إِيَّاهُمْ أَنَّكَ قَدْ فَسَخْتَ الْعَهْدَ بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُمْ حَتَّى تَكُونَ أَنْتَ وَهُمْ فِي الْعِلْمِ بِنَقْضِ الْعَهْدِ سَوَاءً، فَلَا [يَتَوَهَّمُوا] (١) أَنَّكَ نَقَضْتَ الْعَهْدَ بِنَصْبِ الْحَرْبِ مَعَهُمْ، ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْخَائِنِينَ﴾ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْحَسَنِ الْمَرْوَزِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو سَهْلٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ بْنِ طَرَفَةَ السِّجْزِيُّ، أَنَا أَبُو سُلَيْمَانَ الْخَطَّابِيُّ أَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّزَّاقِ بْنِ دَاسَةَ التَّمَّارُ، ثَنَا أَبُو دَاوُدَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ الْأَشْعَثِ السِّجِسْتَانِيُّ، ثَنَا حَفْصُ بْنُ عُمَرَ النَّمَرِيُّ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ عَنْ أَبِي الْفَيْضِ عَنْ [سُلَيْمِ] (٢) بْنِ عَامِرٍ عَنْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ حِمْيَرَ قَالَ: كَانَ بَيْنَ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَبَيْنَ الرُّومِ عَهْدٌ، وَكَانَ يَسِيرُ نَحْوَ بِلَادِهِمْ، حَتَّى إِذَا انْقَضَى الْعَهْدُ غَزَاهُمْ، فَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ عَلَى فَرَسٍ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ اللَّهُ أَكْبَرُ، وَفَاءٌ لَا غَدْرٌ، فَنَظَرَ فَإِذَا هُوَ عَمْرُو بْنُ عَبَسَةَ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ مُعَاوِيَةُ فَسَأَلَهُ فَقَالَ: سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: "مَنْ كَانَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ قَوْمٍ عَهْدٌ فَلَا يَشُدَّ عُقْدَةً وَلَا يَحُلَّهَا حَتَّى يَنْقَضِيَ أَمَدُهَا أَوْ يَنْبِذَ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلَى سَوَاءٍ". فَرَجَعَ مُعَاوِيَةُ ﵁ (٣) . ﴿وَلَا يَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَبَقُوا إِنَّهُمْ لَا يُعْجِزُونَ (٥٩) وَأَعِدُّوا لَهُمْ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُمْ مِنْ قُوَّةٍ وَمِنْ رِبَاطِ الْخَيْلِ تُرْهِبُونَ بِهِ عَدُوَّ اللَّهِ وَعَدُوَّكُمْ وَآخَرِينَ مِنْ دُونِهِمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَهُمُ اللَّهُ يَعْلَمُهُمْ وَمَا تُنْفِقُوا مِنْ شَيْءٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ يُوَفَّ إِلَيْكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ لَا تُظْلَمُونَ (٦٠) ﴾ قَوْلُهُ ﷿: ﴿وَلَا يَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَبَقُوا﴾ قَرَأَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ وَابْنُ عَامِرٍ وَحَمْزَةُ وَحَفْصٌ "يَحْسَبَنَّ" بِالْيَاءِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالتَّاءِ، "سَبَقُوا" أَيْ: فَأَتَوْا، نَزَلَتْ فِي الَّذِينَ انْهَزَمُوا يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ. فَمَنْ قَرَأَ بِالْيَاءِ يَقُولُ "لَا يَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا" أَنْفُسَهُمْ سَابِقِينَ فَائِتِينَ فِي عَذَابِنَا، وَمَنْ قَرَأَ

(١) في "ب": (فلا يتوهموا) . (٢) في "ب": (سليمان) . (٣) أخرجه أبو داود في الجهاد، باب في الإمام يكون بينه وبين العدو، فيسير إليه: ٤ / ٦٣ - ٦٤، والترمذي في السير، باب ما جاء في الغدر: ٥ / ٢٠٣ - ٢٠٤، وقال: هذا حديث حسن صحيح، وابن حبان ص (٤٠٥) من موارد الظمآن، والإمام أحمد في المسند: ٤ / ١١٣، وعزاه المنذري أيضا للنسائي.