Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/369)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

Al-Suddi said: Allah’s blessing was Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. Allah bestowed him upon Quraysh and the people of Mecca, but they denied him and disbelieved in him; so Allah transferred him to the Ansar. “And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing.”

“Like the way of Pharaoh’s people”: like the conduct of Pharaoh’s people. “And those before them”: the disbelievers among earlier nations. “They denied the signs of their Lord, so We destroyed them for their sins”: We destroyed some of them by an earthquake, some by being swallowed into the earth, some by transformation, some by wind, and some by drowning. Likewise, We destroyed the disbelievers at Badr by the sword when they denied the signs of their Lord. “And We drowned Pharaoh’s people, and all of them were wrongdoers”: meaning, both the earlier and later ones.

“Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are those who disbelieve, and so they will not believe. (55) They are those with whom you made a covenant, but who break their covenant every time, and they do not fear Allah. (56) So if you encounter them in battle, make an example of them to those behind them, so that they may take heed. (57) And if you fear betrayal from a people, then cast back their covenant to them on equal terms. Indeed, Allah does not love the treacherous. (58)”

“Indeed, the worst of living creatures in the sight of Allah are those who disbelieve, and so they will not believe.” Al-Kalbi and Muqatil said: This refers to the Jews of Banu Qurayza, including Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf and his companions.

“Those with whom you made a covenant”: that is, those with whom you made a covenant. It was also said that it means: those with whom you entered into a covenant. It was also said that the word “from” was used because its meaning is: you took a covenant from them. “But who break their covenant every time”: they were Banu Qurayza. They broke the covenant that stood between them and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, and they supplied the idolaters with weapons to fight the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Companions. Then they said, “We forgot and made a mistake,” so he made a covenant with them a second time. Yet they broke the covenant and colluded with the disbelievers against the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, on the Day of the Trench. Ka‘b ibn al-Ashraf travelled to Mecca and agreed with them in opposing the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. “And they do not fear Allah”: they do not fear Allah Most High in breaking their covenant.

“So if you encounter them”: if you find them, “in battle.” Muqatil said: If you catch up with them in battle and take them captive, “make an example of them to those behind them.” Ibn ‘Abbas said: Punish them in a manner that serves as an example to those behind them. Sa‘id ibn Jubayr said: Warn those behind them through them. The root meaning of making an example is dispersing and scattering. Its meaning is: disperse the gathering of every covenant-breaker through them; that is, deal with those who broke your covenant and came to wage war against you with killing and exemplary punishment, so that those behind them among the people of Mecca and Yemen will recoil from you and fear you. “So that they may take heed”: that they may remember and take warning, and thus not break the covenant.

وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: نِعْمَةُ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَلَى قُرَيْشٍ وَأَهْلِ مَكَّةَ، فَكَذَّبُوهُ وَكَفَرُوا بِهِ فَنَقَلَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَى الْأَنْصَارِ، ﴿وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ﴾ ﴿كَدَأْبِ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ﴾ كَصُنْعِ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ، ﴿وَالَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ﴾ مِنْ كُفَّارِ الْأُمَمِ، ﴿كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِ رَبِّهِمْ فَأَهْلَكْنَاهُمْ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ﴾ أَهْلَكْنَا بَعْضَهُمْ بِالرَّجْفَةِ وَبَعْضَهُمْ بِالْخَسْفِ وَبَعْضَهُمْ بِالْمَسْخِ وَبَعْضَهُمْ بِالرِّيحِ وَبَعْضَهُمْ بِالْغَرَقِ، فَكَذَلِكَ أَهْلَكْنَا كَفَّارَ بَدْرٍ بِالسَّيْفِ، لَمَّا كَذَّبُوا بِآيَاتِ رَبِّهِمْ، ﴿وَأَغْرَقْنَا آلَ فِرْعَوْنَ وَكُلٌّ كَانُوا ظَالِمِينَ﴾ يَعْنِي: الْأَوَّلِينَ وَالْآخَرِينَ. ﴿إِنَّ شَرَّ الدَّوَابِّ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ (٥٥) الَّذِينَ عَاهَدْتَ مِنْهُمْ ثُمَّ يَنْقُضُونَ عَهْدَهُمْ فِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ وَهُمْ لَا يَتَّقُونَ (٥٦) فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْحَرْبِ فَشَرِّدْ بِهِمْ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ (٥٧) وَإِمَّا تَخَافَنَّ مِنْ قَوْمٍ خِيَانَةً فَانْبِذْ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلَى سَوَاءٍ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ الْخَائِنِينَ (٥٨) ﴾ ﴿إِنَّ شَرَ الدَّوَابِّ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا فَهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ﴾ قَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ وَمُقَاتِلٌ: يَعْنِي يَهُودَ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ، مِنْهُمْ كَعْبُ بْنُ الْأَشْرَفِ وَأَصْحَابُهُ. ﴿الَّذِينَ عَاهَدْتَ مِنْهُمْ﴾ يَعْنِي عَاهَدْتَهُمْ وَقِيلَ: أَيْ: عَاهَدْتَ مَعَهُمْ. وَقِيلَ أَدْخَلَ "مَنْ" لِأَنَّ مَعْنَاهُ: أَخَذْتَ مِنْهُمُ الْعَهْدَ، ﴿ثُمَّ يَنْقُضُونَ عَهْدَهُمْ فِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ﴾ وَهُمْ بَنُو قُرَيْظَةَ، نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَعَانُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِالسِّلَاحِ عَلَى قِتَالِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالُوا: نَسِينَا وَأَخْطَأْنَا فَعَاهَدَهُمُ الثَّانِيَةَ، فَنَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ +وَمَالَئُوا الْكُفَّارَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْخَنْدَقِ، وَرَكِبَ كَعْبُ بْنُ الْأَشْرَفِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، فَوَافَقَهُمْ عَلَى مُخَالَفَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، ﴿وَهُمْ لَا يَتَّقُونَ﴾ لَا يَخَافُونَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى فِي نَقْضِ الْعَهْدِ. ﴿فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ﴾ تَجِدَنَّهُمْ، ﴿فِي الْحَرْبِ﴾ قَالَ مُقَاتِلٌ: إِنْ أَدْرَكْتَهُمْ فِي الْحَرْبِ وَأَسَرْتَهُمْ، ﴿فَشَرِّدْ بِهِمْ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ﴾ قَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ: فَنَكِّلْ بِهِمْ مِنْ وَرَائِهِمْ. وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ: أَنْذِرْ بِهِمْ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ. وَأَصْلُ التَّشْرِيدَ: التَّفْرِيقُ وَالتَّبْدِيدُ، مَعْنَاهُ فَرِّقْ بِهِمْ جَمْعَ كَلِّ نَاقِضٍ، أَيْ: افْعَلْ بِهَؤُلَاءِ الَّذِينَ نَقَضُوا عَهْدَكَ وَجَاءُوا لِحَرْبِكَ فِعْلًا مِنَ الْقَتْلِ وَالتَّنْكِيلِ، يَفْرَقُ مِنْكَ وَيَخَافُكَ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ مَنْ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ وَالْيَمَنِ، ﴿لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ﴾ يَتَذَكَّرُونَ وَيَعْتَبِرُونَ فَلَا يَنْقُضُونَ الْعَهْدَ.