Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/360)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

A discretionary grant is given to slaves, women, and children if they are present in battle. Immovable property seized by the Muslims is divided in the same manner as movable property. According to Abu Hanifah, the imam may choose with respect to immovable property: either to divide it among them or to establish it as an endowment for public interests.

The apparent meaning of the verse does not distinguish between immovable and movable property.

Whoever kills a polytheist in battle is entitled to his personal effects from the principal spoils, based on what was narrated from Abu Qatadah: on the day of Hunayn, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Whoever kills an enemy combatant and has proof of it shall have his personal effects.” (2) Personal effects include everything the slain man is wearing, his weapons, and the horse he is riding.

The imam may grant a supplementary allotment from the spoils to some members of the army because of the additional hardship and valour they have shown in war. He may single them out for this, apart from the rest of the army, while leaving them on the same footing as the group in their regular shares of the spoils:

‘Abd al-Wahid ibn Ahmad al-Mulayhi informed us; Ahmad ibn ‘Abdullah al-Nu‘aymi informed us; Muhammad ibn Yusuf informed us; Muhammad ibn Isma‘il narrated to us; Yahya ibn Bukayr narrated to us; al-Layth narrated to us, from ‘Uqayl, from Ibn Shihab, from Salim, from Ibn ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, used to give a supplementary allotment exclusively to some members of the military detachments he sent out, in addition to the share allotted to the army as a whole. (3)

It was narrated from Habib ibn Maslamah al-Fihri that he said: “I witnessed the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, grant a supplementary allotment of one-quarter on the outward expedition and one-third on the return.” (4)

They differed over the source from which the supplementary allotment is to be given. Some said: “It is taken from one-fifth of the fifth—the share of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him.” This was the view of Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyib, and al-Shafi‘i also held it. This is the meaning of the Prophet’s statement, peace and blessings be upon him: “I have no share of what Allah has bestowed upon you except...” (1)

(1) Radhkh: a small gift. (2) Narrated by al-Bukhari in Kitab al-Maghazi (Book of Military Campaigns), chapter on Allah's saying, “And on the day of Hunayn, when your numbers impressed you,” 8:34-35; also in Kitab al-Jihad (Book of Jihad). It was also narrated by Muslim in Kitab al-Jihad wa al-Siyar (Book of Jihad and Military Expeditions), chapter on entitlement to the slain enemy's spoils, no. 1751, 3:1370; and by al-Musannaf in Sharh al-Sunnah, 11:105-106. (3) Narrated by al-Bukhari in Kitab Fard al-Khums (Book of the Obligation of the One-Fifth), chapter on the evidence that the khums is for the needs of the Muslims, 6:237; Muslim in Kitab al-Jihad wa al-Siyar, chapter on anfal (additional spoils), no. 1750, 3:1369; and al-Musannaf in Sharh al-Sunnah, 11:112. (4) Narrated by Abu Dawud in Kitab al-Jihad, chapter on those who hold that the khums comes before the nafl (additional allotment), 4:57; al-Tirmidhi in Kitab al-Siyar, chapter on the nafl, 5:176, from the hadith of Ubadah. He said: “It is a sound hadith,” and added: “There are also reports on this subject from Ibn Abbas, Habib ibn Maslamah, Maan ibn Yazid, Ibn Umar, and Salamah ibn al-Akwa.” It was also narrated by Ibn Majah in the chapter on the nafl, no. 2852, 2:951-952. Al-Zawa'id states: “Its chain is sound,” and Ibn Hibban authenticated it, no. 1672, p. 403 of Mawarid al-Zam'an. It was also narrated by Said ibn Mansur in al-Sunan, 2:262, and Imam Ahmad in al-Musnad, 4:160.

وَيُرْضَخُ (١) لِلْعَبِيدِ وَالنِّسْوَانِ وَالصِّبْيَانِ إِذَا حَضَرُوا الْقِتَالَ، وَيُقَسَّمُ الْعَقَارُ الَّذِي اسْتَوْلَى عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ كَالْمَنْقُولِ. وَعِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ: يَتَخَيَّرُ الْإِمَامُ فِي الْعَقَارِ: بَيْنَ أَنْ يُقَسِّمَهُ بَيْنَهُمْ، وَبَيْنَ أَنْ يَجْعَلَهُ وَقْفًا عَلَى الْمَصَالِحِ. وَظَاهِرُ الْآيَةِ لَا يُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ الْعَقَارِ وَالْمَنْقُولِ. وَمَنْ قَتَلَ مُشْرِكًا فِي الْقِتَالِ يَسْتَحِقُّ سَلَبَهُ مِنْ رَأْسِ الْغَنِيمَةِ، لَمَّا رُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي قَتَادَةَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ: "مَنْ قَتَلَ قَتِيلًا لَهُ عَلَيْهِ بَيِّنَةٌ فَلَهُ سَلَبُهُ" (٢) . وَالسَّلَبُ: كُلُّ مَا يَكُونُ عَلَى الْمَقْتُولِ مِنْ مَلْبُوسٍ وَسِلَاحٍ، وَفَرَسُهُ الَّذِي هُوَ رَاكِبُهُ. وَيَجُوزُ لِلْإِمَامِ أَنْ يُنَفِّلَ بَعْضَ الْجَيْشِ مِنَ الْغَنِيمَةِ، لِزِيَادَةِ عَنَاءٍ وَبَلَاءٍ يَكُونُ مِنْهُمْ فِي الْحَرْبِ، يَخُصُّهُمْ بِهِ مِنْ بَيْنِ سَائِرِ الْجَيْشِ وَيَجْعَلُهُ أُسْوَةَ الْجَمَاعَةِ فِي سَهْمَانِ الْغَنِيمَةِ: أَخْبَرَنَا عَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ الْمَلِيحِيُّ، أَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ النَّعِيمِيُّ، أَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، ثَنَا يَحْيَى بْنُ بُكَيْرٍ، ثَنَا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ عَقِيلٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ، عَنْ سَالِمٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ ﵄ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ يُنَفِّلُ بَعْضَ مَنْ يَبْعَثُ مِنَ السَّرَايَا لِأَنْفُسِهِمْ خَاصَّةً، سِوَى قِسْمِ عَامَّةِ الْجَيْشِ (٣) . وَرُوِيَ عَنْ حَبِيبِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ الْفِهْرِيُّ، قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ نَفَّلَ الرُّبْعَ فِي الْبَدْأَةِ وَالثُّلُثَ فِي الرَّجْعَةِ (٤) . وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي أَنَّ النَّفْلَ مِنْ أَيْنَ يُعْطَى؟ فَقَالَ قَوْمٌ: مِنْ خُمْسِ الْخُمُسِ، سَهْمِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ، وَبِهِ قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ، وَهَذَا مَعْنَى قَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: "مَالِي مِمَّا أَفَاءَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ إِلَّا

(١) الرَّضْخُ: العطيَّة القليلة. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في المغازي، باب قول الله تعالى: "ويوم حنين إذا أعجبتكم كثرتكم" ٨ / ٣٤ - ٣٥، وأخرجه أيضا في الجهاد، وأخرجه مسلم في الجهاد والسير، باب استحقاق سلب القتيل: (١٧٥١) : ٣ / ١٣٧٠، والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ١٠٥ - ١٠٦. (٣) أخرجه البخاري في فرض الخمس، باب ومن الدليل على أن الخمس لنوائب المسلمين: ٦ / ٢٣٧، ومسلم في الجهاد والسير، باب الأنفال، برقم (١٧٥٠: ٣ / ١٣٦٩) والمصنف في شرح السنة: ١١ / ١١٢. (٤) أخرجه أبو داود في الجهاد، باب فيمن قال: الخمس قبل النفل: ٤ / ٥٧، والترمذي في السير، باب في النفل: ٥ / ١٧٦، من حديث عبادة، وقال: حديث حسن، وقال: وفي الباب عن ابن عباس وحبيب بن مسلمة ومعن بن يزيد وابن عمر وسلمة بن الأكوع، وأخرجه ابن ماجه في النفل برقم (٢٨٥٢) : ٢ / ٩٥١ - ٩٥٢. قال في الزوائد: إسناده حسن وصححه ابن حبان برقم (١٦٧٢) ص (٤٠٣) من موارد الظمآن، أخرجه سعيد بن منصور في السنن: ٢ / ٢٦٢، والإمام أحمد في المسند: ٤ / ١٦٠.