Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/357)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

“Know that one-fifth of whatever spoils you obtain belongs to Allah, the Messenger, the Messenger’s near relatives, orphans, the needy, and stranded travelers—if you truly believe in Allah and in what We sent down to Our servant on the Day of Decision, the day the two forces met. And Allah is Most Capable of all things.” (41)

“Fight them until there is no more persecution”—that is, polytheism. Al-Rabi‘ said: “Until no believer is forced away from his religion.” “And all worship is devoted to Allah alone”—that is, worship is made wholly sincere for Allah, with no polytheism in it. “But if they desist” from disbelief, “then surely Allah sees all that they do.” Ya‘qub recited it as “all that you do,” in the second-person plural, while the others recited it in the third-person plural.

“And if they turn away” from faith and return to fighting those who follow it, “then know that Allah is your Protector”—your Helper and Supporter—“What an excellent Protector, and what an excellent Helper!”

The words of Allah the Exalted: “Know that one-fifth of whatever spoils you obtain belongs to Allah...” The verse. Ghanimah (war spoils) and fay’ are two names for wealth acquired by the Muslims from the property of the disbelievers. One group held that they are one and the same, whereas others held that they differ: ghanimah is what the Muslims acquire from them by force through fighting, while fay’ is what is acquired through a peace settlement without fighting. In this verse, Allah the Exalted mentions the ruling on war spoils, saying: “One-fifth of it belongs to Allah and the Messenger.” (1)

Most exegetes and jurists held that the words “for Allah” open the statement as a means of seeking blessing and of attributing this wealth to Himself in order to honor it. They do not mean that Allah has a separate share of the spoils, for both this world and the Hereafter belong entirely to Allah the Exalted. This was the view of al-Hasan, Qatadah, ‘Ata’, Ibrahim, and al-Sha‘bi. They said: “The share of Allah and the share of the Messenger are one.” War spoils are divided into five parts: four-fifths go to those who fought for them, while the remaining fifth is for the five categories mentioned by Allah the Exalted: “the Messenger, the Messenger’s near relatives, orphans, the needy, and stranded travelers.”

Some said that the fifth is divided into six shares. This was the view of Abu al-‘Aliyah: one share is for Allah, to be allocated to

(1) See: al-Tabari, 13:545-548; al-Qurtubi, 8:1 ff.; Ahkam al-Quran by Ibn al-Arabi, 2:855 ff.; Ahkam al-Quran by al-Jassas, 4:229 ff.; al-Kharaj by Abu Yusuf, pp. 19-30; al-Kharaj by Yahya ibn Adam, pp. 18-45; and al-Amwal by Abu Ubayd, p. 28 ff. These works contain detailed discussions of the views of scholars and Quran commentators concerning the distribution of fay' (property acquired without fighting) and ghanimah (war spoils).

﴿وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آمَنْتُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ (٤١) ﴾ ﴿وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ﴾ أَيْ: شِرْكٌ. قَالَ الرَّبِيعُ: حَتَّى لَا يُفْتَنَ مُؤْمِنٌ عَنْ دِينِهِ ﴿وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلَّهِ﴾ أَيْ: وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ خَالِصًا لِلَّهِ لَا شِرْكَ فِيهِ، ﴿فَإِنِ انْتَهَوْا﴾ عَنِ الْكُفْرِ، ﴿فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ﴾ قَرَأَ يَعْقُوبُ "تَعْمَلُونَ" بِالتَّاءِ، وَقَرَأَ الْآخَرُونَ بِالْيَاءِ. ﴿وَإِنْ تَوَلَّوْا﴾ عَنِ الْإِيمَانِ وَعَادُوا إِلَى قِتَالِ أَهْلِهِ، ﴿فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ مَوْلَاكُمْ﴾ نَاصِرُكُمْ وَمُعِينُكُمْ، ﴿نِعْمَ الْمَوْلَى وَنِعْمَ النَّصِيرُ﴾ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ﴾ الْآيَةَ. الْغَنِيمَةُ وَالْفَيْءُ: اسْمَانِ لِمَالٍ يُصِيبُهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ أَمْوَالِ الْكُفَّارِ. فَذَهَبَ جَمَاعَةٌ إِلَى أَنَّهُمَا وَاحِدٌ، وَذَهَبَ قَوْمٌ إِلَى أَنَّهُمَا مُخْتَلِفَانِ: فَالْغَنِيمَةُ: مَا أَصَابَهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْهُمْ عَنْوَةً بِقِتَالٍ، وَالْفَيْءُ: مَا كَانَ عَنْ صُلْحٍ بِغَيْرِ قِتَالٍ. فَذَكَرَ اللَّهُ ﷿ فِي هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ حُكْمَ الْغَنِيمَةِ فَقَالَ: "فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ" (١) . ذَهَبَ أَكْثَرُ الْمُفَسِّرِينَ وَالْفُقَهَاءِ إِلَى أَنَّ قَوْلَهُ: "لِلَّهِ" افْتِتَاحُ كَلَامٍ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّبَرُّكِ وَإِضَافَةِ هَذَا الْمَالِ إِلَى نَفْسِهِ لِشَرَفِهِ، وَلَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ مِنْهُ أَنَّ سَهْمًا مِنَ الْغَنِيمَةِ لِلَّهِ مُنْفَرِدًا، فَإِنَّ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةَ كُلَّهَا لِلَّهِ ﷿. وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الْحَسَنِ وَقَتَادَةَ وَعَطَاءٍ وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ وَالشَّعْبِيِّ، قَالُوا: سَهْمُ اللَّهِ وَسَهْمُ الرَّسُولِ وَاحِدٌ. وَالْغَنِيمَةُ تُقَسَّمُ خَمْسَةُ أَخْمَاسٍ، أَرْبَعَةُ أَخْمَاسِهَا لِمَنْ قَاتَلَ عَلَيْهَا، وَالْخُمُسُ لِخَمْسَةِ أَصْنَافٍ كَمَا ذَكَرَ اللَّهُ ﷿، "وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ". قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: يُقَسَّمُ الْخُمُسُ عَلَى سِتَّةِ أَسْهُمٍ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ أَبِي الْعَالِيَةِ، سَهْمٌ لِلَّهِ: فَيُصْرَفُ إِلَى

(١) انظر: الطبري: ١٣ / ٥٤٥ - ٥٤٨، القرطبي: ٨ / ١ وما بعدها، أحكام القرآن لابن العربي: ٢ / ٨٥٥ وما بعدها، أحكام القرآن للجصاص: ٤ / ٢٢٩ وما بعدها الخراج لأبي يوسف: ص (١٩ - ٣٠) ، الخراج ليحيى بن آدم: ص ١٨ - ٤٥، الأموال لأبي عبيد ص (٢٨) وما بعدها. ففيها تفصيل لآراء العلماء والمفسرين في قسمة الفيء والغنيمة.