Tafsir al-Baghawi - Al-Baghawi - (3/316)

Tafsir al-BaghawiAl-Baghawi

with Allah at all. Allah protects them by His support, so the enmity of whoever opposes them does them no harm. 142/b

“And if you call them to guidance, they do not hear”—that is, the idols. “And you see them,” O Muhammad, “looking towards you”—that is, the idols—“while they do not see.” What is meant by their looking is not actual sight; rather, it means that they face you. The Arabs say, “My house looks towards your house,” meaning that it faces it.

It was also said: “You see them looking towards you” means: it is as though they are looking towards you, just as Allah says, “You will see people as though intoxicated” (al-Hajj 22:2)—that is, as though they were intoxicated. This is the view of [most] (1) exegetes.

Al-Hasan said: “And if you call them to guidance” refers to the polytheists: they neither hear nor comprehend it with their hearts. You see them looking at you with their eyes, while they do not see with their hearts.

Regarding His saying, “Be forgiving”: Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr said, “Allah commanded His Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, to accept what people readily offer of good character.” Mujahid said: “Be forgiving” means: accept from people’s character and deeds whatever they offer readily, without prying into their affairs. This includes accepting apologies, pardoning, being lenient, refraining from probing into matters, and the like.

It is reported that when this verse was revealed, the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said to Gabriel, “What is this?” He replied, “I do not know until I ask Him.” Then he returned and said, “Indeed, your Lord commands you to maintain ties with the one who cuts you off, to give to the one who deprives you, and to pardon the one who wrongs you.” (2)

Ibn Abbas, al-Suddi, al-Dahhak, and al-Kalbi said: It means: take from wealth whatever is surplus beyond one’s dependents. This is the meaning of His saying, “They ask you what they should spend. Say, ‘Whatever is surplus’” (al-Baqarah 2:219). This ruling was then abrogated by the prescribed alms.

Regarding His saying, “Enjoin what is right”: that is, what is recognized as good, namely everything affirmed by the Sacred Law. Ata said: “Enjoin what is right” means: “There is no god but Allah.”

“And turn away from the ignorant”—that is, Abu Jahl and his companions. This was abrogated by the Verse of the Sword. It was also said: if an ignorant person behaves foolishly towards you, do not respond to him with foolishness. This is like His saying: “When the ignorant address them, they speak words of peace” (al-Furqan 25:63). This is a peace of disengagement.

Ja‘far al-Sadiq said: Allah commanded His Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, to uphold the noblest virtues of character; and there is no verse in the Quran more comprehensive in its instruction concerning noble character than this verse.

(1) Omitted from B. (2) Al-Tabari narrated it through Sufyan ibn Uyaynah, from Abu al-Muradi, 13:303. Ibn Hajar said in al-Kafi al-Shaf, p. 66: “This chain is disconnected. Ibn Mardawayh also narrated it with a connected chain from the hadiths of Jabir and Qays ibn Sad, adding at its beginning: ‘When the Messenger of Allah looked at Hamzah, he said: By Allah, I shall mutilate seventy of them.’ Then Jibril came with this verse,” and he mentioned the hadith. See also Ibn al-Athir, Jami al-Usul, 2:143-144, with the editor’s notes.

بِاللَّهِ شَيْئًا فَاللَّهُ يَتَوَلَّاهُمْ بِنَصْرِهِ فَلَا يَضُرُّهُمْ عَدَاوَةُ من عاداهم ١٤٢/ب ﴿وَإِنْ تَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الْهُدَى لَا يَسْمَعُوا﴾ يَعْنِي الْأَصْنَامَ، ﴿وَتَرَاهُمْ﴾ يَا مُحَمَّدُ ﴿يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَيْكَ﴾ يَعْنِي الْأَصْنَامَ، ﴿وَهُمْ لَا يُبْصِرُونَ﴾ وَلَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ مِنَ النَّظَرِ حَقِيقَةَ النَّظَرِ، إِنَّمَا الْمُرَادُ مِنْهُ: الْمُقَابَلَةُ، تَقُولُ الْعَرَبُ: دَارِي تَنْظُرُ إِلَى دَارِكَ، أَيْ: تُقَابِلُهَا. وَقِيلَ: وَتَرَاهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَيْكَ أَيْ: كَأَنَّهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَيْكَ، كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: "وَتَرَى النَّاسَ سُكَارَى" (الْحَجِّ ٢) ، أَيْ: كَأَنَّهُمْ سُكَارَى هَذَا قَوْلُ [أَكْثَرِ] (١) الْمُفَسِّرِينَ. وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ: "وَإِنْ تَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الْهُدَى" يَعْنِي: الْمُشْرِكِينَ لَا يَسْمَعُوا وَلَا يَعْقِلُوا ذَلِكَ بِقُلُوبِهِمْ، وَتَرَاهُمْ يَنْظُرُونَ إِلَيْكَ بِأَعْيُنِهِمْ وَهُمْ لَا يُبْصِرُونَ بِقُلُوبِهِمْ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿خُذِ الْعَفْوَ﴾ قَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ: أَمَرَ اللَّهُ نَبِيَّهُ ﵊ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الْعَفْوَ مِنْ أَخْلَاقِ النَّاسِ. وَقَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: خُذِ الْعَفْوَ يَعْنِي الْعَفْوَ مِنْ أَخْلَاقِ النَّاسِ وَأَعْمَالِهِمْ مِنْ غَيْرِ تَجَسُّسٍ، وَذَلِكَ مِثْلُ قَبُولِ الِاعْتِذَارِ وَالْعَفْوِ وَالْمُسَاهَلَةِ وَتَرْكِ الْبَحْثِ عَنِ الْأَشْيَاءِ وَنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ. وَرُوِيَ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةُ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِجِبْرِيلَ: "مَا هَذَا؟ قَالَ لَا أَدْرِي حَتَّى أَسْأَلَهُ، ثُمَّ رَجَعَ فَقَالَ: إِنَّ رَبَّكَ يَأْمُرُكَ أَنْ تَصِلَ مَنْ قَطَعَكَ وَتُعْطِيَ مَنْ حَرَمَكَ وَتَعْفُوَ عَمَّنْ ظَلَمَكَ" (٢) . وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ ﵄ وَالسُّدِّيُّ والضحاك والكلبي: يعي خُذْ مَا عَفَا لَكَ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ وَهُوَ الْفَضْلُ عَنِ الْعِيَالِ، وَذَلِكَ مَعْنَى قَوْلِهِ: "يَسْأَلُونَكَ مَاذَا يُنْفِقُونَ قُلِ الْعَفْوَ" (الْبَقَرَةُ-٢١٩) ، ثُمَّ نُسِخَتْ هَذِهِ بِالصَّدَقَاتِ الْمَفْرُوضَاتِ. قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ﴿وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ﴾ أَيْ: بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَهُوَ كُلُّ مَا يَعْرِفُهُ الشَّرْعُ. وَقَالَ عَطَاءٌ: وَأْمُرْ بِالْعُرْفِ يَعْنِي بِلَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ. ﴿وَأَعْرِضْ عَنِ الْجَاهِلِينَ﴾ أَبِي جَهْلٍ وَأَصْحَابِهِ، نَسَخَتْهَا آيَةُ السَّيْفِ. وَقِيلَ: إِذَا تَسَفَّهَ عَلَيْكَ الْجَاهِلُ فَلَا تُقَابِلْهُ بِالسَّفَهِ، وَذَلِكَ مِثْلُ قَوْلِهِ: "وَإِذَا خَاطَبَهُمُ الْجَاهِلُونَ قَالُوا سَلَامًا" (الْفُرْقَانُ-٦٣) ، وَذَلِكَ سَلَامُ الْمُتَارَكَةِ. قَالَ جَعْفَرٌ الصَّادِقُ: أَمَرَ اللَّهُ نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ بِمَكَارِمِ الْأَخْلَاقِ، وَلَيْسَ فِي الْقُرْآنِ آيَةٌ أَجْمَعُ لِمَكَارِمِ الْأَخْلَاقِ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْآيَةِ.

(١) ساقط من ب". (٢) أخرجه الطبري من طريق سفيان بن عيينة عن أبي المرادي: ١٣ / ٣٠٣، قال ابن حجر في "الكافي الشاف" ص (٦٦) : "هذا منقطع، وأخرجه ابن مردويه موصولا من حديث جابر وحديث قيس بن سعد، وزاد في أوله: لما نظر رسول الله ﷺ إلى حمزة قال: والله لأمثلن بسبعين منهم - فجاء جبريل بهذه الآية، فذكر الحديث". وانظر: جامع الأصول لابن الأثير: ٢ / ١٤٣-١٤٤ مع حاشية المحقق.