— or because the transmitter is guilty of deliberate fabrication in Prophetic hadith, intentionally attributing to the Messenger ﷺ words he never uttered;

— or because he is suspected (1) of such fabrication: namely, the report is transmitted (2) only through him and is (3) at odds with the well-established principles; the same ruling applies to anyone known to lie in his ordinary speech, even if no instance of lying in Prophetic reports has been proven. This (4) remains less serious than the first defect;

— or because of the gross frequency of his mistakes;

— or because of his heedlessness, which prevents precise transmission;

— or because of his open iniquity—in word or deed (5) (6) that does not reach the level of disbelief. Between this and the first (7) there is a relationship of generality, yet the first was singled out (8) because censure for it is severer in this discipline. As for sinful conduct rooted in belief, that will be discussed later;

— or because of his delusion, when he narrates (9) on the basis of conjecture (10).