—such as vomiting involuntarily, blood flowing from cuts or boils, nocturnal emission, and similar occurrences that have no fixed time and therefore cannot be avoided. For that reason they were not deemed to conflict with the fast the way menstrual blood does.” End quote (25|251).

2 – A menstruating woman, and likewise a pregnant or breastfeeding woman who has broken the fast, must make up the days she missed in the interval between the Ramadan in which she did not fast and the following Ramadan. Doing so promptly is better. If the time remaining before the next Ramadan is only equal to the number of days she owes, it becomes obligatory for her to complete the make-up fasts so that the new month does not begin while she is still in debt to the previous one. Should she allow the new Ramadan to commence while she still owes fasts from the preceding Ramadan, and she had no valid excuse for the delay, she must both make up those days and feed one needy person for every day. If she had a legitimate excuse, she is required only to make up the fasts. The same ruling applies to anyone who owes make-up fasts because she broke the fast on account of illness or travel; her case is identical to that of the woman who missed the fast due to menstruation, as detailed above.

3 – A woman may not undertake a voluntary fast while her husband is present except with his permission, because al-Bukhari and Muslim—and others—narrate from Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet ﷺ said, “It is not permissible for a woman to fast while her husband is present except with his permission.” Some versions reported by Ahmad and Abu Dawud add: “except Ramadan.” However, if her husband allows her to fast, or he is away, or she has no husband, then it is recommended for her to fast