And Allah, Exalted is He, also says: “that Allah may punish the hypocrite men and hypocrite women, and the polytheist men and polytheist women” (Qur’an 33:73) (1).

He further forbade counting a woman among the effects inherited from her deceased husband. Allah says: “O you who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will” (Qur’an 4:19) (2).

Thus He guaranteed her independent legal personality, making her an heir and not inherited property. He granted her a fixed share in the estate of her relatives, declaring: “For men there is a share of what parents and close relatives leave behind, and for women there is a share of what parents and close relatives leave behind, whether the estate be small or large—a prescribed share” (Qur’an 4:7) (3). He likewise says: “Allah instructs you concerning your children: the male shall have the portion of two females. If the daughters are two or more, they shall receive two-thirds of what he leaves; but if there is only one, she shall receive one-half” (Qur’an 4:11) (4), and so on in all the rulings that allot a woman her rightful inheritance as mother, daughter, sister, or wife.

In the sphere of marriage, Allah set a maximum of four wives,